The Lives of the Most Famous English Poets (1687) by William Winstanley

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Besides, on the Wall where he lieth, there was painted three Virgins
crowned, one of which was named _Charity_, holding this device,

_En toy qui es fitz de Dieu le Pere,
Sauue soit, qui gist sours cest pierre._

The second Writing _Mercy_, with this Decree,

_O bone Jesu fait ta mercy_,
_Al' ame, dont le corps gisticy._

The third Writing _Pity_, with this device,

_Pour ta pite Jesu regarde,
Et met cest a me en sauue garde._

And thereby formerly hung a Table, wherein was written, That whoso
prayed for the Soul of _John Gower_, so oft as he did it, should have a
M. and D. days of pardon.

His Arms were in a Field Argent, on a Cheveron Azure, three Leopards
heads gold, their tongues Gules, two Angels supporters, on the Crest a
Talbot.

His Epitaph.

_Armigeri Scultum nihil a modo fert sibi tutum,
Reddidit immolutum morti generale tributum,
Spiritus exutum se gaudeat esse solutum
Est ubi virtutum Regnum sine labe statutum_.

All I shall add is this, That about fifty years ago there lived at
_Castle-Heningham_ in _Essex_, a School-master named _John Gower_, who
wrote a witty Poem, called _the Castle Combate_, which was received in
that Age with great applause.

* * * * *

_GEOFFERY CHAUCER_.

Three several Places contend for the Birth of that famous Poet. 1.
_Berkshire_, from the words of _Leland_, that he was born _in
Barocensiprovincia_; and Mr. _Cambden_ avoweth that _Dunington-Castle_
nigh unto _Newbery_, was anciently his Inheritance. 2. _Oxfordshire_,
where _J. Pits_ is positive that his Father was a Knight, and that he
was born at _Woodstock_. 3. The Author of his Life, set forth 1602.
proveth him born in _London_, out of these his own words in the
_Testament of Love_.

Also in the City of London, that is to me so dear and sweet, in which I
was forth grown, and more kindly love have I to that place, than any
other in yerth, as every kindely creature hath full appetite to that
place of his kindly ingendure, and to wilne rest and peace in that
stede to abide, thilke peace should thus there have been broken, which
of all wise men is commended and desired.

For his Parentage, although _Bale_ writes, he termeth himself
_Galfridus Chaucer nobili loco natus, & fummae spei juvenis_; yet in the
opinion of some Heralds (otherwise than his Virtues and Learning
commended him) he descended not of any great House, which they gather
by his Arms: And indeed both in respect of the Name, which is _French_,
as also by other Conjectures, it may be gathered, that his Progenitors
were Strangers; but whether they were Merchants (for that in places
where they have dwelled, the Arms of the Merchants of the Staple have
been seen in the Glass-windows) or whether they were of other Callings,
it is not much necessary to search; but wealthy no doubt they were, and
of good account in the Commonwealth, who brought up their Son in such
sort, that both he was thought fit for the Court at home, and to be
employed for Matters of State in Foreign Countries.

His Education, as _Leland_ writes, was in both the Universities of
_Oxford_ and _Cambridge_, as appeareth by his own words, in his Book
Entituled _The Court of Love_: And in _Oxford_ by all likelihood, in
_Canterbury_ or in _Merton_ Colledge, improving his Time in the
University, he became a witty Logician, a sweet Rhetorician, a grave
Philosopher, a holy Divine, a skilful Mathematician, and a pleasant
Poet; of whom, for the Sweetness of his Poetry, may be said that which
is reported of _Stesichorus_; and as _Cethegus_ was called _Suadae
Medulla_, so may _Chaucer_ be rightly called the Pith and Sinews of
Eloquence, and the very Life it self of all Mirth and pleasant Writing.
Besides, one Gift he had above other Authors, and that is, by the
Excellencies of his Descriptions to possess his Readers with a stronger
imagination of seeing that done before their eyes which they read, than
any other that ever writ in any Tongue. But above all, his Book of
_Canterbury-Tales_, is most recommended to Posterity, which he maketh
to be spoken by certain Pilgrims who lay at the _Tabard_-Inn in
_Southwark_ as he declareth in the beginning of his said Book.

It befell in that season, on a day,
In Southwark, at the Tabert as I lay,
Ready to wend on my pilgrimage
To Canterbury, with full devout courage;
That night was comen into the Hosterie,
Well nine and twenty in a companie,
Of sundry folke, by adventure yfall
In fellowship, and Pilgrims were they all,
That toward Canterbury woulden ride;
The Stables and Chambers weren wide,
And well wee were eased at the best, &c.

By his Travel also in _France_ and _Flanders_, where he spent much time
in his young years, but more in the latter end of the Reign of King
_Richard_ the Second; he attained to a great perfection in all kind of
Learning, as _Bale_ and _Leland_ report of him: _Circa postremos_
Richardi _Secundi annos_, Galliis _floruit, magnamque illic ex assidua
in Literis exercitatione gloriam sibi comparavit. Domum reversus Forum_
Londinense; _& Collegia_ Leguleiorum, _qui ibidem Patria Jura
interpretantur frequentavit_, &c. About the latter end of King
_Richard_ the Second's Days, he flourished in _France_, and got himself
into high esteem there by his diligent exercise in Learning: After his
return home, he frequented the Court at _London_, and the Colledges of
the _Lawyers_, which there interpreted the Laws of the Land. Amongst
whom was _John Gower_, his great familiar Friend, whose Life we wrote
before. This _Gower_, in his Book entituled _Confessio Amantis_,
termeth _Chaucer_ a worthy Poet, and maketh him as it were the Judge of
his Works.

This our _Chaucer_ had always an earnest desire to enrich and beautifie
our _English_ Tongue, which in those days was very rude and barren; and
this he did, following the example of _Dantes_ and _Petrarch_. who had
done the same for the _Italian_ Tongue, _Alanus_ for the _French_, and
_Johannes Mea_ for the _Spanish_: Neither was _Chaucer_ inferior to any
of them in the performance hereof; and _England_ in this respect is
much beholding to him; as _Leland_ well noteth:

_Anglia_ Chaucerum _veneratur nostra Poetam_;
_Cui veneris debet Patria Lingua suas_.

Our _England_ honoureth _Chaucer_ Poet, as principal;
To whom her Country-Tongue doth owe her Beauties all.

He departed out of this world the _25th._ day of _October_ 1400, after
he had lived about seventy two years. Thus writeth _Bale_ out of
_Leland, Chaucerus ad Canos devenit, sensitque Senectutem morbum esse_;
_& dum Causas suas_ Londini _curaret_, &c. _Chaucer_ lived till he was
an old man, and found old Age to be grievous; and whilst he followed
his Causes at _London_, he died, and was buried at _Westminster_.

The old Verses which were written on his Grave at the first, were
these;

Galfridus Chaucer, _Vates & Fama Poesis,
Maternae haec sacra sum tumulatus humo_.

_Thomas Occleue_, or _Okelefe_, of the Office of the Privy Seal,
sometime Chaucer's Scholar, for the love he bore to the said _Geoffrey_
his Master, caused his Picture to be truly drawn in his Book, _De
Regimine Principis_, dedicated to _Henry_ the Fifth; according to
which, that his Picture drawn upon his Monument was made, as also the
Monument it self, at the Cost and Charges of _Nicolas Brigham_
Gentleman, _Anno_ 1555. who buried his Daughter _Rachel_, a Child of
four years of Age, near to the Tomb of this old Poet, the _21th_. of
_June_ 1557. Such was his Love to the Muses; and on his Tomb these
Verses were inscribed:

_Qui fuit_ Anglorum _Vates ter maximus olim_,
Galfridus Chaucer, _conditur hoc Tumulo,
Annum si quaeras Domini, si tempora Mortis,
Ecce notae subsunt, quae tibi cuncta notant_;
25 Octobris 1400.
_AErumnarum requies Mors_.
N. Brigham _hos fecit Musarum nomine sumptus_.

About the Ledge of the Tomb these Verses were written;

_Si rogitas quis eram, forsante Fama docebit,
Quod si Fama negat, Mundi quia Gloria transit,
Haec Monumenta lege_.

The foresaid _Thomas Occleve_, under the Picture of _Chaucer_, had
these Verses:

Although his Life be queint, the resemblance
Of him that hath in me so fresh liveliness,
That to put other men in remembrance
Of his Person I have here the likeness
Do make, to the end in Soothfastness,
That they that of him have lost thought and mind,
By this peniture may again him find.

In his foresaid Book, _De Regimine Principis_, he thus writes of him:

But welaway is mine heart wo,
That the honour of _English_ Tongue is dead;
Of which I wont was counsaile haue and reed:
O Master dere, and Fadre reuerent:
My Master _Chaucer_ Floure of Eloquence,
Mirror of fructuous entendement:
O vniuersal fadre of Science:
Alas that thou thine excellent Prudence
In thy Bed mortal mightest not bequeath.
What eyl'd Death, alas why would she the fle?
O Death, thou didst not harm singler in slaughter of him,
But all the Land it smerteth;
But natheless yet hast thou no power his name flee,
But his vertue afterteth
Unslain fro thee; which ay us lifely herteth,
With Books of his ornat enditing,
That is to all this Land enlumining.

In another place of his said Book, he writes thus;

Alas my worthy Maister honourable,
This Land's very Treasure and Richess!
Death by thy Death hath harm irreparable
Unto us done: her vengeable duress
Dispoiled hath this Land of the sweetness
Of Rhetorige; for unto _Tullius_
Was never man so like among us:
Also who was here in Philosophy
To _Aristotle_, in our Tongue, but thee?
The Steps of _Virgil_ in Poesie,
Thou suedst eken men know well enough,
What combre world that thee my Master slough
Would I slaine were.

_John Lidgate_ likewise in his Prologue of _Bocchas_, of the _Fall of
Princes_, by him translated, saith thus in his Commendation:

My Master _Chaucer_, with his fresh Comedies,
Is dead alas, chief Poet of _Brittaine_,
That whilom made full pitous Tradgedies,
The faule of Princes he did complaine,
As he that was of making Soveraine;
Whom all this Land should of right preferre
Sith of our Language he was the load-sterre.

Also in his Book which he writeth of the Birth of the Virgin _Mary_, he
hath these Verses.

And eke my Master _Chaucer_ now is in grave,
The noble Rhetore, Poet of _Britaine_,
That worthy was the Laurel to have
Of Poetry, and the Palm attaine,
That made first to distill and raine
The Gold dew drops of Speech and Eloquence,
Into our Tongue through his Eloquence.

That excellent and learned _Scottish_ Poet _Gawyne Dowglas_ Bishop of
_Dunkeld_, in the Preface of _Virgil's Eneados_ turned into
_Scottish_ Verse, doth thus speak of _Chaucer_;

Venerable _Chaucer_, principal Poet without pere,
Heavenly Trumpet, orloge, and regulere,
In Eloquence, Baulme, Conduct, and Dyal,
Milkie Fountaine, Cleare Strand, and Rose Ryal,
Of fresh endite through _Albion_ Island brayed
In his Legend of Noble Ladies fayed.

And as for men of latter time, Mr._Ascham_ and Mr. _Spenser_ have
delivered most worthy Testimonies of their approving of him.
Mr._Ascham_, in one place calleth him _English Homer_, and makes no
doubt to say, that he valueth his Authority of as high estimation as he
did either _Sophocles_ or _Euripides_ in _Greek_. And in another place,
where he declareth his Opinion of _English_ Versifying, he useth these
Words; Chaucer _and_ Petrark _those two worthy Wits, deserve just
praise_. And last of all, in his Discourse of _Germany_, he putteth him
nothing behind either _Thucydides_ or _Homer_, for his lively
Descriptions of Site of Places, and Nature of Persons, both in outward
Shape of Body, and inward Disposition of Mind; adding this withal, That
not the proudest that hath written in any Tongue whatsoever, for his
time hath outstript him.

Mr. _Spenser_ in his first Eglogue of his _Shepherds Kalendar_, calleth
him _Tityrus_, the God of Shepherds, comparing him to the worthiness of
the _Roman Tityrus, Virgil_. In his _Fairy Queen_, in his Discourse of
Friendship, as thinking himself most worthy to be _Chaucer_'s friend,
for his like natural disposition that _Chaucer_ had; he writes, That
none that lived with him, nor none that came after him, durst presume
to revive _Chaucer_'s lost labours in that imperfect Tale of the
Squire, but only himself: which he had not done, had he not felt (as he
saith) the infusion of _Chaucer_'s own sweet Spirit surviving within
him. And a little before, he calls him the most Renowned and Heroical
Poet, and his Writings the Works of Heavenly Wit; concluding his
commendation in this manner:

_Dan Chaucer_ well of _English_ undefiled,
On Fames eternal Bead-roll worthy to be filed;
I follow here the footing of thy feet,
That with thy meaning so I may the rather meet.

Mr. _Cambden_, reaching one hand to Mr. _Ascham_, and the other to Mr.
_Spenser_, and so drawing them together, uttereth of him these words,
_De_ Homero _nostro_ Anglico _illud vere asseram, quod de_ Homero
_eruditus ille_ Italus _dixit_.

----_Hic ille est, cujus de gurgite sacro,
Combibit arcanos vatum omnis turba furores._

The deservingly honoured Sir _Philip Sidney_, in his _Defence of
Poesie_, thus writeth of him, Chaucer _undoubtedly did excellently in
his_ Troylus _and_ Crescid, _of whom truly I know not whether to marvel
more, either that he in that misty time could see so clearly or we in
this clear age walk so stumblingly after him._ And Doctor _Heylin_, in
his elaborate Description of the World, ranketh him in the first place
of our chiefest Poets. Seeing therefore that both old and new Writers
have carried this reverend conceit of him, and openly declared the same
by writing, let us conclude with _Horace_ in the eighth Ode of his
fourth Book;

_Dignum Laudi causa vetut mori_.

The Works of this famous Poet, were partly published in Print by
_William Caxton_, Mercer, that first brought the incomparable Art of
Printing into _England_, which was in the Reign of King _Henry_ the
Sixth. Afterward encreased by _William Thinne_, Esq; in the time of
King _Henry_ the Eighth. Afterwards, in the year 1561. in the Reign of
Queen _Elizabeth_, Corrected and Encreased by _John Stow_; And a fourth
time, with many Amendments, and an Explanation of the old and obscure
Words, by Mr. _Thomas Speight_, in _Anna_ 1597. Yet is he said to have
written many considerable Poems, which are not in his publish'd Works,
besides the _Squires Tale_, which is said to be compleat in
_Arundel-house_ Library.

* * * * *

_JOHN LYDGATE_.

_John Lydgate_ was born in a Village of the same name, not far off St.
_Edmondsbury_, a Village (saith _Cambden_) though small, yet in this
respect not to be passed over in silence, because it brought into the
World _John Lydgate_ the Monk, whose Wit may seem to have been framed
and fashioned by the very Muses themselves: so brightly reshine in his
_English_ Verses, all the pleasant graces and elegancy of Speech,
according to that Age. After some time spent in our _English_
Universities, he travelled through _France_ and _Italy_, improving his
time to his great accomplishment, in learning the Languages and Arts;
_Erat autem non solum elegans Poeta, & Rhetor disertus, verum etiam
Mathematicus expertus, Philosophus acutus, & Theologus non
contemnendus_: he was not only an elegant Poet, and an eloquent
Rhetorician, but also an expert Mathematician, an acute Philosopher,
and no mean Divine, saith _Pitseus_. After his return, he became Tutor
to many Noblemens Sons, and both in Prose and Poetry was the best
Author of his Age, for if _Chaucer's_ Coin were of greater Weight for
deeper Learning, _Lydgate's_ was of a more refined Stantard for purer
Language; so that one might mistake him for a modern Writer. But
because none can so well describe him as himself, take an Essay of his
Verses, out of his _Life and Death of_ Hector, _pag._ 316 and 317.

I am a Monk by my profession,
In _Berry_, call'd _John Lydgate_ by my name,
And wear a habit of perfection;
(Although my life agree not with the same)
That meddle should with things spiritual,
As I must needs confess unto you all.

But seeing that I did herein proceed
[A]At his command, whom I could not refuse,
I humbly do beseech all those that read,
Or leisure have, this story to peruse,
If any fault therein they find to be,
Or error, that committed is by me;

That they will of their gentleness take pain,
The rather to correct and mend the same,
Than rashly to condemn it with disdain,
For well I wot it is not without blame,
Because I know the Verse therein is wrong,
As being some too short and some too long.

For _Chaucer_, that my Master was, and knew
What did belong to writing Verse and Prose,
Ne're stumbled at small faults, nor yet did view
With scornful eye the Works and Books of those
That in his time did write, nor yet would taunt
At any man, to fear him or to daunt.

[Footnote A: _Hen._ 5.]

Now if you would know further of him, hear him in his Prologue to the
Story of _Thebes_, a Tale (as his Fiction is) which (or some other) he
was constrained to tell, at the command of mine Host of the _Tabard_ in
_Southwark_, whom he found in _Canterbury_, with the rest of the
Pilgrims which went to visit Saint _Thomas_ shrine.

This Story was first written in _Latine_ by _Geoffry Chaucer_, and
translated by _Lydgate_ into _English_ Verse, but of the Prologue of
his own making, so much as concerns himself, thus:

----While that the Pilgrims lay
At _Canterbury_, well lodged one and all,
I not in sooth what I may it call,
Hap or fortune, in conclusioun,
That me befell to enter into the Toun,
The holy Sainte plainly to visite,
After my sicknesse, vows to acquite.
In a Cope of blacke, and not of greene,
On a Palfrey slender, long, and lene,
With rusty Bridle, made not for the sale,
My man to forne with a voyd Male,
That by Fortune tooke my Inne anone
Where the Pilgrimes were lodged everichone,
The same time her governour the host
Stonding in Hall, full of wind and bost,
Liche to a man wonder sterne and fers,
Which spake to me, and said anon Dan _Pers_,
Dan _Dominick_, Dan _Godfray_, or _Clement_,
Ye be welcome newly into _Kent_:
Thogh your bridle have nother boos ne bell;
Beseeching you, that ye will tell
First of your name, and what cuntre
Without more shortly that ye be,
That looke so pale, all devoid of bloud,
Upon your head a wonder thred-bare Hood,
Well arrayed for to ride late:
I answered my Name was _Lydgate_
Monke of _Bury_, me fifty yeare of age,
Come to this Town to do my Pilgrimage
As I have hight, I have thereof no shame:
Dan _John_ (quoth he) well brouke ye your name,
Thogh ye be sole, beeth right glad and light,
Praying you to soupe with us this night;
And ye shall have made at your devis,
A great Pudding, or a round hagis,
A _Franche_ Moile, a Tanse, or a Froise,
To been a Monk slender is your [A]coise,
Ye have been sick I dare mine head assure,
Or let feed in a faint pasture.
Lift up your head, be glad, take no sorrow,
And ye should ride home with us to morrow,
I say, when ye rested have your fill.
After supper, sleep will doen none ill,
Wrap well your head, clothes round about,
Strong nottie Ale will make a man to rout;
Take a Pillow, that ye lye not low;
If nede be, spare not to blow;
To hold wind, by mine opinion,
Will engender colles passion,
And make men to greven on her [B]rops,
When they have filled her maws and her crops;
But toward night, eate some Fennell rede,
Annis, Commin, or Coriander-seed,
And like as I have power and might,
I charge you rise not at midnight,
Thogh it be so the Moon shine clere,
I will my self be your [C]Orlogere,
To morrow early, when I see my time,
For we will forth parcel afore prime,
Accompanie [D]parde shall do you good.

[Footnote A: Countenance.]

[Footnote B: Guts.]

[Footnote C: Clock.]

[Footnote D: Verily.]

But I have digressed too far: To return therefore unto _Lydgate_.
_Scripsit partim Anglice, partim Latine; partim Prosa, partim Versu
Libros numero plures, eruditione politissimos_. He writ (saith my
Author) partly _English_, partly _Latine_; partly in Prose, and partly
in Verse, many exquisite learned Books, saith _Pitseus_, which are
mentioned by him and _Bale_, as also in the latter end of _Chaucer's_
Works; the last Edition, amongst which are _Eglogues_, _Odes_,
_Satyrs_, and other Poems. He flourished in the Reign of _Henry_ the
Sixth, and departed this world (aged about 60 years) _circiter_ An.
1440. and was buried in his own Convent at _Bury_, with this Epitaph,

_Mortuus saeclo, superis Superstes,
Hic jacet_ Lydgate _tumulaetus Urna:
Qui fuit quondam celebris_ Britannae
_Fama Poesis_.

Dead in this World, living above the Sky,
Intomb'd within this Urn doth _Lydgate_ lie;
In former time fam'd for his Poetry,
All over _England_.

* * * * *

_JOHN HARDING_.

_John Harding_, our Famous _English_ Chronologer, was born (saith
_Bale_) in the Northern parts, and most likely in _Yorkshire_, being an
Esquire of an eminent Parentage. He was a man equally addicted to Arms
and Arts, spending his Youth in the one, and his Age in the other: His
first Military Employment was under _Robert Umfreuil_, Governor of
_Roxborough_-Castle, where he did good Service against the _Scots_.
Afterwards he followed the Standard of King _Edward_ the Fourth, to
whom he valiantly and faithfully adhered, not only in the Sun-shine of
his Prosperity, but also in his deepest Distress.

But what endeared him the most to his Favour, and was indeed the
Masterpiece of his Service, was his adventuring into _Scotland_; a
desperate Attempt, and performed not without the manifest hazarding of
his Life; where he so cunningly demeaned himself, and insinuated
himself so far into their Favour, as he got a sight of their Records
and Original Letters; a Copy of which he brought with him to _England_,
and presented the same to King _Edward_ the Fourth: Out of these he
collected a History of the several Submissions, and sacred Oaths of
Fealty openly taken from the time of King _Athelstane_, by the Kings of
_Scotland_; to the Kings of _England_, for the Crown of _Scotland_; a
Work which was afterwards made much use of by the _English_; although
the _Scotch_ Historians stickle with might and main, that such Homage
was performed only for the County of _Cumberland_, and some parcel of
Land their Kings had in _England_ South of _Tweed_.

Now as his Prose was very useful, so was his Poetry as much delightful;
writing a Chronicle of our _English_ Kings from _Brute_ to King
_Edward_ the Fourth, and that in _English_ Verse; for which he was
accounted one cf the chiefest Poets of his time; being so exactly done,
that by it Dr. _Fuller_ adjudges him to have drunk as deep a draught of
_Helicon_ as any in his Age: And another saying, that by the fame he
deservedly claimed a Seat amongst the chiefest of the Poetical Writers.

But to give you the better view of his Poetical Abilities, I shall
present you with some of his Chronicle-Verse, concerning the sumptuous
Houshold kept by King _Richard_ the Second, _cap._ 193.

Truly I herd Robert Ireleffe say,
Clarke of the Green-cloth, and that to the houshold
Came every daye, forth most part alway
Ten thousand folke, by his Messes told,
That followed the hous aye as thei wold.
And in the Kechin, three hundred Seruitours,
And in eche Office many Occupiours.

And Ladies faire, with their Gentleweomen
Chamberers also and Lauenders,
Three hundred of theim were occupied then;
There was great pride emong the Officers,
And of all men far passing their compeers;
Of rich arraye, and much more costeus,
Then was before, or sith, and more precious, &c.

This our Poet _Harding_ was living _Anno_ 1461. being then very aged;
and is judged to have survived not long after.

* * * * *

_ROBERT FABIAN_.

_Robert Fabian_ was born and bred in _London_ as witnesseth _Bale_ and
_Pits_; becoming one of the Rulers thereof, being chosen Sheriff,
_Anno_ 1493. He spent his time which he had spare from publick
Employments, for the benefit of posterity; writing two large
Chronicles: the one from _Brute_ to the Death of King _Henry_ the
Second; the other, from the First of King _Richard_, to the Death of
_Henry_ the Seventh. He was (saith my Author) of a merry disposition,
and used to entertain his Guests as well with good Discourse as good
Victuals: He bent his Mind much to the Study of Poetry; which according
to those times, passed for currant. Take a touch of his Abilities in
the Prologue to the second Volume of his Chronicle of _England_ and
_France_.

Now would I fayne,
In words playne,
Some Honour sayne,
And bring to mynde;
Of that auncient Cytye,
That so goodly is to se,
And full true ever hath be,
And also full kynde,
To Prince and Kynge
That hath borne just rulynge,
Syn the first winnynge
of this Hand by _Brute_.
So that in great honour
By passynge of many a showre,
It hath euer borne the flowre;
And laudable _Brute_, &c.

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