Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official by William Sleeman

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Notes:

1. This can no longer be safely assumed as true. Newspapers now
penetrate to almost every village.

2. Fyzabad (Faizabad) was the capital for a short time of the Nawab
Wazirs of Oudh. In 1775 Asaf-ud-daula moved his court to Lucknow. The
city of Ajodhya adjoining Fyzabad is of immense antiquity.

3. In. the south of Oudh. It is not now a military station.

4. Monghyr (Munger) is the chief town of the district of the same
name, which lies to the east of Patna.

5. August, 1811.

6. Such a spectacle is no longer to be seen in India. Four or five
inconspicuous railway carriages or motor-cars now take the place of
the 'magnificent fleet'.

7. The percentage is 29 1/2.

8. All these arrangements have been changed. Military pensioners are
now paid through the civil authorities of each district.

9. Wages are now generally higher.

10. This sentence might misled readers unacquainted with the details
of Indian administration. Every official who satisfies the formal
rules of the Accounts department gets his pension, as a matter of
course, in accordance with those rules, whether his service has been
able and faithful or not. The pension list is often the last refuge
of incompetent and dishonest officials, to which they are gladly
consigned by code-bound superiors, who cannot otherwise get rid of
them. Nor am I certain that British rule 'grows more and more upon
the affections' of those subject to it.

11. The author means secretaries to the Government of India or
provincial governments.

12. The Sagar and Nerbudda (Narbada) Territories, now included in the
Central Provinces.

13. The designations Sadr Amin and Principal Sadr Amin have been
superseded by the title of Subordinate Judge. The officers referred
to have only civil jurisdiction, which does not include revenue and
rent causes in the United Provinces.

14. Most experienced officers will, I think, agree with me that the
author was exceptionally fortunate in his experience. So far as I can
make out, the standard of integrity among the higher Indian officials
has risen considerably during the last century, but is still a long
way from the perfection indicated by the author's remarks.

15. These observations on the police are merely a repetition of the
remarks in Chapter 69, which have been discussed in the notes to that
chapter.

16. The districts in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh are
usually much smaller than those in Bengal or Madras, but even in
Northern India a district with only a million of inhabitants is
considered to be rather a small one. Some districts have a population
of more than three millions each.

17. All has been changed. Many comparatively well paid officials of
Indian birth now intervene between the District Magistrate and the
small people on twenty-five rupees a month. Sometimes the District
Magistrate himself is an Indian.

18. The anthor's note to this passage repeats the quotation from
Hobbes's _Leviathan_, Part II, sect. 30, which has been already cited
in the text, chapter 69, following [12], and need not be repeated
here. The note continues: 'Almost every Thanadar in our dominions is
a little Tarquin in his way, exciting the indignation of the people
against his master. When we give him the proper incentives to good,
we shall be able with better conscience to punish him severely for
bad conduct. The interposition of the officers I propose between him
and the magistrate will give him the required incentive to good
conduct, at the same time that it will deprive him of all hope of
concealing his "evil ways", should he continue in them.' [W. H. S.]
He still manages to continue in his evil ways, and generally to
conceal them.

19. This statement seems almost like sarcasm to a reader who knows
what manner of men well-paid Inspectors of Police commonly are, and
how they are regarded by the non-official population. They are not
usually reverenced as 'protectors of the poor'.

20. The reader who is not practically acquainted with the work of
administration in India will probably think that the magistrate who
allows such intrigues to go on must be very careless and inefficient.
But that thought, though very natural, would be unjust. The author
was one of the best possible district magistrates, and yet was unable
to suppress the evils which he describes, nor have the remedies which
he advocated, and which have been adopted, proved effectual. The
Thanadar now has generally to pay the Inspector and the people in the
District Superintendent's office, in addition to 'the native officers
of the magistrate's court'.

21. We have already seen how mistaken the author was concerning the
army.

22. This statement requires to be guarded by many qualifications. The
author's following remarks only illustrate the well-known fact that
in India official rank is ardently desired by the classes eligible
for it, and carries with it great social advantages.

23. Rampur is the small Rohilla state within the borders of the
Bareilly District, United Provinces.

24. This description of the class of officials alluded to is somewhat
idealized, though it applies to a considerable proportion of the
class.

25. These propositions were, doubtless, literally correct in the
author's time, but they are not at all fully applicable to the
existing state of affairs.

APPENDIX

THUGGEE, AND THE PART TAKEN IN ITS SUPPRESSION BY GENERAL SIR W. H.
SLEEMAN, K.C.B.

NOTE BY CAPTAIN J. L. SLEEMAN, ROYAL SUSSEX REGIMENT

The religion of murder known as 'Thuggee' was established in India
some centuries before the British Government first became aware of
its existence, It is remarkable that, after an intercourse with India
of nearly two centuries, and the exercise of sovereignty over a large
part of the country for no inconsiderable period, the English should
have been so ignorant of the existence and habits of a body so
dangerous to the public peace. The name 'Thug' signifies a
'Deceiver', and it will be generally admitted that this term was well
earned.[1] There is reason to believe that between 1799 and 1808 the
practice of 'Thuggee' (Thagi) reached its height and that thousands
of persons were annually destroyed by its disciples. It is
interesting to note the legendary origin of this strange and horrible
religion: In remote ages a demon infested the earth and devoured
mankind as soon as created. The world was thus left unpeopled, until
the goddess of the Thugs (Devi or Kali) came to the rescue. She
attacked the demon, and cut him down; but from every drop of his
blood another demon arose; and though the goddess continued to cut
down these rising demons, fresh broods of demons sprang from their
blood, as from that of their progenitors; and the diabolical race
consequently multiplied with fearful rapidity. At length, fatigued
and disheartened, the goddess found it necessary to change her
tactics. Accordingly, relinquishing all personal efforts for their
suppression, she formed two men from perspiration brushed from her
arms. To each of these men she gave a handkerchief, and with these
the two assistants of the goddess were commanded to put all the
demons to death without shedding a drop of blood. Her commands were
immediately obeyed; and the demons were all strangled. Having
strangled all the demons, the two men offered to return the
handkerchiefs; but the goddess desired that they should retain them,
not merely as memorials of their heroism, but as the implements of a
lucrative trade in which their descendants were to labour and thrive.
They were in fact commanded to strangle men as they had strangled
demons.

Several generations passed before Thuggee became practised as a
profession--probably for the same reason that a sportsman allows game
to accumulate--but in due time it was abundantly exercised. Thus,
according to the creed of the Thug, did their order arise, and thus
originated their mode of operation.

The profession of a Thug, like almost everything in India, became
hereditary, the fraternity, however, receiving occasional
reinforcements from strangers, but these were admitted with great
caution, and seldom after they had attained mature age. The Thugs
were usually men seemingly occupied in most respectable and often in
most responsible positions. Annually these outwardly respectable
citizens and tradesmen would take the road, and sacrifice a multitude
of victims for the sake of their religion and pecuniary gain. The
Thug bands would assemble at fixed places of rendezvous, and before
commencing their expeditions much strange ceremony had to be gone
through. A sacred pickaxe was the emblem of their faith: its
fashioning was wrought with quaint rites and its custody was a matter
of great moment. Its point was supposed to indicate the line of route
propitious to the disciples of the goddess, and it was credited with
other powers equally marvellous. The brute creation afforded a vast
fund of instruction upon every proceeding. The ass, jackal, wolf,
deer, hare, dog, cat, owl, kite, crow, partridge, jay, and lizard,
all served to furnish good or bad omens to a Thug on the war-path.
For the first week of the expedition fasting and general discomfort
were insisted on, unless the first murder took place within that
period. Women were never murdered unless their slaughter was
unavoidable (i.e. when they were thought to suspect the cause of the
disappearance of their men-folk). Children of the murdered were often
adopted by the Thugs, and the boys were initiated in due course in
the horrid rites of Thuggee. Men skilled in the practice of digging
and concealing graves were always attached to each Thug gang. These
were able to prepare graves in anticipation of a murder, and to
effectually conceal all trace of the crime after they were occupied.
To assist the grave-diggers in this duty all roads used by Thugs had
selected places upon them at which murders were always carried out if
possible. The Thugs would speak of such places with the same
affection and enthusiasm as other men would of the most delightful
scenes of their early life.
It was these people, versed in deceit and surrounded by a thousand
obstacles to conviction, that General Sir W. H. Sleeman so nobly set
out to exterminate. Within seven years of his first commencing the
suppression of Thuggee it had practically ceased to exist as a
religion; and he had the privilege of seeing it entirely suppressed
as such before giving up this work for the Residentship at Lucknow.

He was described when taking over the latter appointment as follows:
'He had served in India nearly forty years. His work had been of the
best. He had done more than any one to suppress 'Thuggee' finally,
and had a knowledge of the Indian character and language possessed by
very few. He was personally popular with all classes of Indians, and
respected, feared, and trusted by all.'

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES BY THE EDITOR

Captain J. L. Sleeman, who had intended to contribute an account in
some detail of his grandfather's operations for the suppression of
Thuggee, has been ordered on active service, and consequently has
been unable to write more than the short note printed above.

The editor thinks it desirable to supplement Captain Sleeman's
observations by certain additional remarks.

The earliest historical notice of Thuggee appears to be the statement
in the History of Firoz Shah Tughlak (1351-88) by a contemporary
author that at some time or other in the reign of that sovereign
about one thousand Thugs were arrested in Delhi, on the denunciation
of an informer. The Sultan, with misplaced clemency, refused to
sanction the execution of any of the prisoners, whom he shipped off
to Lakhnauti or Gaur in Bengal, where they were let loose. (Elliot
and Dowson, _Hist. of India_, iii. 141.) That absurd proceeding may
well have been the origin of the system of river Thuggee in Bengal,
which possibly may be still practised.

The next mention of Thugs refers to the reign of Akbar (1556-1605).
Both Meadows Taylor and Balfour affirm that many Thugs were then
executed, and according to Balfour, they numbered five hundred and
belonged to the Etawah District, I have not succeeded in finding any
mention of the fact in the histories of Akbar--the memory of the
event may be preserved only by oral tradition. Etawah, between the
Ganges and Jumna, in the province of Agra, has always been notorious
for Thuggee and cognate crime.

In the year 1666, towards the close of Shahjahan's reign, the
traveller de Thevenot noted that the road between Delhi and Agra was
infested by Thugs. His words are:

'The cunningest Robbers in the World are in that Countrey. They use a
certain slip with a running-noose, which they can cast with so much
slight about a Man's Neck, when they are within reach of him, that
they never fail; so that they strangle him in a trice.' (English
transl., 1686, Part III, p. 41.)

After the capture of Seringapatam in 1799 the attention of the
Company's government was drawn to the prevalence of Thuggee. In 1810
the bodies of thirty victims were found in wells between the Ganges
and Jumna, and in 1816 Dr. Sherwood published a paper entitled 'On
the Murderers called Phansigars', _sc._ 'stranglers', in the _Madras
Journal of Literature and Science_, which was reprinted in _Asiatic
Researches_, vol. xiii (1820). Various officers then made
unsystematic efforts to suppress the stranglers, but effectual
operations were deferred until 1829. During the years 1881 and 1832
the existence of the Thug organization became generally known, and
intense excitement was aroused throughout India. The Konkan, or
narrow strip of lowlands between the Western Ghats and the sea, was
the only region in the empire not infested by the Thugs. (See H. H.
Wilson in supplement to Mill, _Hist. of British India_, ed. 1858,
vol. ix, p. 213; Balfour, _Cyclopaedia of India_, 3rd ed., 1885,
_s.v._ Thug; and Crooke, _Things Indian_, Murray, 1906, _s.v._
Thuggee.)

The records summarized above prove that the Thug organization existed
continuously on a large scale from the early part of the fourteenth
century until Sir William Sleeman's time, that is to say, for more
than five centuries. In all probability its origin was much more
ancient, but records are lacking. It is said that a sculpture
representing a Thug strangulation exists among the sculptures at
Ellora executed in the eighth century. No such sculpture, however, is
mentioned in the detailed account of the Ellora caves by Dr. Burgess.

The magnitude of the organization with which Sleeman grappled is
indicated by the following figures.

During the years 1831-7 3,266 Thugs were disposed of one way or
another, of whom 412 were hanged, and 483 were admitted as approvers.
Amir Ali, whose confessions are recorded in Meadows Taylor's
fascinating book, _The Confessions of a Thug_, written in 1837 and
first published in 1839, proudly admitted having taken part in the
murders of 719 persons, and regretted that an interruption of his
career by twelve years' imprisonment in Oudh had prevented him from
completing a full thousand of victims. He regarded his profession as
affording sport of the most exciting kind possible.
V. A. S.

Notes:

1. Pronounced 'T'ug', a hard cerebral _t_, with some aspiration.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS

[Transcriber's note: These have been incorporated into the e-text.
The note numbers below correspond to the original text, not to the
renumbered notes of the e-text.]

When the printing of the book was almost completed, the following
additions and corrections were kindly communicated by Mr. J. S.
Cotton, editor of _I. G._, 1907, 1908.

Page 14, text, line 13. For 'leader', read 'barber'.
Page 57, note 4, line 2. After 'Baitul', insert 'Mandla'.
Page 115, text, line 27. 'G----' appears to have been Robert Gregory,
C.B.
Page 115, note 2. Add, 'In 1911, Michael Filose of Gwalior was
appointed K.C.I.E.'
Page 124, note 3. After '1860', insert 'and constitutes the District
called Panch Mahals in the Northern Division of the Bombay
Presidency. The vernacular word _panch_, like the Persian _panj_,
means 'five'.

Page 124, note 3. Add at end, 'and is still used by Maratha nobles.'
Page 146, note 3. For 'may be' read 'is'. _Dele_. 'The name is
common.'
Page 241, note 1, line 2. _Dele_ 'in the Nizam's territories '.
Page 262, note 2. The author may possibly have referred to Agra and
Gwalior, rather than to Lucknow and Udaipur.
Page 338, note 2. For the clause 'From 1765 . . . English',
substitute, 'From 1765 to 1771 he was the dependant of the English at
Allahabad. From 1771 to 1803 he was usually under the control of
Maratha chiefs, and from the time of Lord Lake's entry into Delhi, in
1803, he became simply a pensioner of the British Government. His
successors occupied the same position.'
Page 452, line 17. 'Southern' is in original edition, but 'Western'
would be more accurate.
Page 453, line 18. For 'its' read 'his own'.
Page 459. 'The story of the murder of Fraser is told very differently
in Bosworth-Smith's _Life of Lord Lawrence_, where all the detective
credit is given to Lord L., apparently on his own authority. See also
an article in the _Quarterly Review_ for April 1883, by Sir H. Yule,
and another in _Blackwoods Magazine_ for January 1878.'
Page 555, note, line 1. For 'Supreme' read Superior'.
Page 581, note, line 18. For 'James Watts', read 'William Watts'.
Page 584, note 2. For 'vexare' read 'vexari'.
Page 595, note 2. 'The best account of Begum Sumroo is to be found in
_A Tour through the Upper Provinces of Hindustan_, 1804-14, by A. D.
= Ann Deane (1823). Walter Scott introduces more than one of the
stories about the Begum into _The Surgeon's Daughter_ (1827), e.g.:
"But not to be interred alive under your seat, like the Circassian of
whom you were jealous," said Middlemas, shuddering' (vol. 48, Black's
ed. of the novels, p. 382).
Page 596, note 4. Probably 'Gorgin' is a corruption of 'Gregory'.
Page 615, note l. Perhaps the author was mistaken, and the letter was
sent by Lady Bentinck, whose name was Mary.

INDEX

[Transcriber's note. Many of the spellings in this index differ from
the spelling used in the text and notes, especially in the use of the
diacritical mark.]

Abu-Alisena, or Avicenna, 339, 524.
Abu Bakr, Khalif, 199.
Abul Fazl, 111 n., 355 n.; on music, 562 n.
Abul Hasan = Amir Khusru, poet, 508 n.
_Acacia suma_, worshipped, 174 n.
Adam's Bridge, 692 n.
Adham Khan, tomb of, 503 n.
_Adi Granth_, Sikh scripture, 477 n.
Adilabad, in Old Delhi, 487 n.
Adoption, 211 n.
Adultery, 198-201.
Afghan War, first, 291 n., 417; history, 288-91.
Ages, Hindu, 522 n.
Agra, Christians at. II, 335; buildings at, 312-24; date of fort at,
357 n.; books about, 358 n.
Ahmadnagar, kingdom, 458 n.
Ahmad Shah, Durrani, 289.
Ajmer, 350.
Ajodhya, kingdom, 374; city, 457 n., 641.
Akbar (I), the Great, taxed marriages, 40 n.; had Abul Fazl as
minister, 111 n.; officials of, 283 n.; tomb and bones of, 323, 325,
354 n.; character of, 356 n.; Maryam-uz-Zamani, queen of, 348 n.;
sons of, 350; conquests of, 458; punished Thugs, 652. (II), titular
emperor, 309 n., 337, 501 n., 509 n., 525 n.
Al dye, 228 n.
Ala-ud-din Muhammad Shah, 489, 490 n., 497 n., 503.
Aligarh District, 435 n., 441 n.; battle of, 566 n.
Altamsh, _see_ Iltutmish. Sultan.
Amanat Khan, calligraphist, 316 n., 516.
Amarkantak, 14.
America, war with, 628.
Amir Ali, Thug, 653.
Amir Jumla, 513 n., 360 n.
Amir Khan, Nawab, 66 n., 130.
Ammonites, 121.
Angels, Muhammadan beliefs about, 40.
Angora, battle of, 531 n.
Anupshahr, 605.
Anurshirvan (Naushirvan), 135 n.
_Apis dorsata_, bee, 4 n.
Arboriculture, 451 n.
Archaeological Survey, 520 n.
Architecture in India, 456.
Aristotle, 341,524.
Arjumand Bano Begam, 315 n., 325.
Armenian tombs, 335 n.
Arms, license to carry, 246 n.
Army, value of native Indian, 632.
Arrian quoted, 285.
Arsenic, poisoning by, 86 n.
Art in India, 379.
Asaf Khan (1), Akbar's general, 191 n.; (2) brother of Nur Jahan,
328, 329, 332, 334.
Asaf-ud-daula, of Oudh, 641.
Ascetics, 592 n.
Asirgarh, 163 n.
Asoka, monolith pillars of, 493 n.
Assaye, battle of, 600.
Assassins, sect of, 491 n.
Attar of roses, 216.
Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, 619 n.
Auckland, Lord, 291 n., 347 n., 563 n., 571.
Aurangzeb, emperor, 273-6, 314, 335, 513.
Austin de Bordeaux, 319, 516.
_Avatar_, 10, 45.
Avicenna, 339, 524.
Ayesha, story of, 198.
Azam, Prince, 274 n.
Azim-ash-Shan, Prince, 275 n.
Aziz Koka, 504 n.

Babur, 527.
Babylon, history of, 452.
Badarpur, in Old Delhi, 486 n., 487 n.
Bagree dacoits, xxxiii.
Bahadur Shah (I), 275 n.; (II), 309 n., 501 n.
Bahmani dynasty, 458 n.
_Baid_, defined, 107 n.
Baijnath shrine, 590.
Bairagis, 300, 370, 591, 592 n.
Baird, Sir David, 634, 640 n.
Baitanti river, 209.
Baiza Bai, 303,466.
Bajazet (Bayazid), Greek emperor, 531.
Baji Rao, I and II, Peshwas, 381 n.
Bajpai family, xxxii.
Bajranggarh, Raja of, 293.
_Bakshi_, or paymaster, 211.
Bala Bai, 563.
Balban, Sultan, 420 n., 488 n., 502.
Baldeo (Baladeva), (1) brother of Krishna, 379; (2) Singh, defender
of Bharatpur, 360.
Bali Raja, a demon, 2, 33.
Ballabhgarh, 475.
Ballot Act, 399 n.
Bamboos, 311.
Bamhauri, in Orchha State, 124, 172.
_Bana-linga_, 122 n., 141 n.
Banda, town, 78.
_Baniya_, defined, 295 n.
Banjara tribe, 100.
Bankers, Indian private, 409 n.
Banks, Presidency, 424 n.
Banyan tree, 385, 566 n.
_Baoli_, defined, 442, 446.
Barber, as match-maker, 16.
Barlow, Sir George, 271 n.
Barnes, Sir B., C.-in-C-., 618 n., 619 n.
Baroda, Gaikwar of, 286.
Barrackpore, mutiny at, 2.
Barwa Sagar, 207.
Basalt, 96-8, 113, 261, 268.
_Basant_ festival, 501.
Basrah (Bussorah), 199.
Batavia, capture of, 691 n.
Bathing, religions merit of, l.
Bawarias of Muzaffarnagar, 235 n.
Beef, eating of, 194, 203.
Bees, at Marble Rocks, 4.
Begam Sarai at Delhi, 510 n.
Belemnites, fossil, 121.
Benares, city, 25, 103 n.; province, 434 n.
Bengal, permanent settlement of, 64 n.; Islam in, 424 n.;
territories, defined, 553 n.; river thuggee in, 652.
Bentinck, Lord William, 109, 321 n., 341 n., 445, 547, 548, 571, 614,
618, 619 n., 632 n.
Berar, kingdom, 156 n., 458 n.
Bernier, (1) Francois, on suttee, 26 n., 47 n.; historical work of,
273 n.; (2) Major, 606.
Betel leaf, 216 n.
Betiya (Bettia), Christian colony at. 11, 13 n.
_Bhagavata Purana_, 10 n.
_Bhagvan_ = Vishnu = God, 2.
Bharat, brother of Rama, 374, 382.
Bharatpur (Bhurtpore), sieges of, 116, 355, 359-62, 377, 562 n.
Bheraghat (-garh), 1, 6, 18, 54.
Bhil tribes, 295.
Bhilsa, town, 264.
Bhojpur, 146.
Bhonslas of Nagpur, 103 n., 286, 292, 381.
Bhopal, 238.
_Bhrigu-pata_ sacrifice, 103 n.
_Bhumiawat_, 245-52.
_Bhumka_, 60 n.
Bhurtpore, see Bharatpur.
Bias river, (1) = Hyphasis, in Panjab, 3 n., 165 n.; (2) in Central
Provinces, 204, 290.
Bidar kingdom, 458 n.
_Bigha_, defined, 453 n.
Bihari Mall, Raja, 348 n.
Bijapur, great gun at, 241 n.; fall of, 286 n.; kingdom, 458 n.
Bindachal, 590.
Bindraban (Brindaban), 120.
Bird, Robert Merttins, 575 n.
Birju Baula, singer, 562.
Birsingh Deo, Raja, 134, 164 n., 232, 237.
Black buck, 236 n.; Hole, 582.
Blake, Mr., murder of, 503, 504 n.
Blights, 193-8.
Boigne, General de, 271.
Bombay land System, 576.
Borak, Muhammad's donkey, 541.
Bow, use of, 80.
Brahma, god, 7, 9, 45 n., 376 n., 594.
Brahmans forbid marriage of widows, 26; sacrificed, 46.
Bruce, Captain, (1) brother of (2), 270; (2) James, traveller, 270 n.
Budha Gupta, king, 55 n.
Budhuk dacoits, xxxv.
Buffaloes, sacrificed, 46 n.
Bulaki, Prince, 334.
_Buland Darwaza_, 352 n.
Bullocks, price of, 437.
Bundela Rajputs, 144 n., 185.
Bundelkhand, 94 n., 111, 112, 149, 185, 207, 209 n., 227.
Bundelkhandi dialects, 188 n.
Burial, alive, 570; customs, 218 n.
Burn, Lieut.-Col., 421 n.
Bussorah, see Basrah.
Buxar, battle of, 338 n.

Cairo, mosques at, 494 n.
Calcutta, commercial crisis of 1883 at, 422.
Canals, 158 n.
Cannibalism, 152.
Capital, foreign, 422.
Carpets made at Jhansi, 217, 241.
Caste, 45-51.
Cattle-poisoning, 86 n.
Cawnpore, rise of, 445 n.
Ceded provinces, 434 n.
Census, 194 n.
Central India, 178.
Central Provinces, 57 n., 94 n.
Chambal river, 301, 303.
_Chambeli_, or jasmine, 33.
Champat Rai, Bundela, 190 n.
_Chandamirt_ (_chandan mirt_), 141, 588, 593.
Chand Bardai, poet, 190 n.
Chandel Rajputs, 144 n., 178 n., 185, 189.
Chanderi State, 193, 251, 293.
_Chandni Chauk_, Delhi, 604 n.
Chandra, Raja, 498 n.
_Chaprasi_, or orderly, 74 n.
_Cheonkal_ (_chhonkar_) tree, 174.
Cherry, Mr., murder of, 473.
Chhatarpur State, 192.
Chhatarsal, Raja, 94, 193.
Chick-pea, or gram, 414 n.
Chiefs' colleges, 256 n.
China, land tenure in, 423; Timur's designs on, 533.
Chingiz Khan, 535.
_Chital_, spotted deer, 244 n.
Chitor, towers at, 493 n.
Chitragupta, secretary to Yamaraja, 9.
Chitrakot, 95.
Cholera, beliefs about, 163, 232.
Christians, 11-13, 335, 424.
Chuhari, Christian colony at, 13 n.
_Cicer arietinum_, gram, 150 n.
Cis-Sutlaj States, 476 n.
Cities, growth of, 455.
Civil Service of India, 426 n., 649.
Clerk, Sir George, 90 n.
Coal, 230, 231 n.
Codes, 65 n., 66 n.
Coins, of Nurjahan, 333 n.; of Sikhs, 477 n.; largesse, 479 n.
Colebrooke, Sir B., 461.
Combermere, Lord, 355 n., 359, 618.
Concan, _see_ Konkan.
Conquered Provinces, 434 n.
Corn laws, 574.
Cornwallis, Lord, second administration of, 460 n.
Corporal punishment, _see_ Flogging.
Corruption, official, 403.
Cotton, soil, black, 94 n., 149 n., 258 n.; -tree, 385.
'Covenanted' service, 426 n.
Cow, veneration of, 163, 202.
Criminal tribes, 234 n., 557 n.; law, 305 n.
Crooke, Mr. William, xix; on veneration of the cow, 163 n.
Cubbon, Sir Mark, 90 n.
Customs, inland, 347 n.; hedge, 426 n.