English Dialects From the Eighth Century to the Present Day by Walter W. Skeat

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"Hooray, Jud! hooray, owd mon!" shaouted Jock Carter o' Runjer;
"tha'rt game, if tha'rt owd!"

Just at that vary minit Jud's weife, bad as hoo were wi' th'
rheumatic, pushed her roo{a}d through th' foaks, and stood i' th'
frunt o' th' show.

"Go it agen, Jud! here's th' weife coom t'see hah gam tha art!"
shaouted Jonas.

Jud turn'd rahnd an gurned at th' frunt o' th' show wi' his faace
aw ruddle.

"Tha girt soo! I'll baste thi when aw get thi hwom, that aw will!"
shaouted Betty Bresskittle; "aw wunder tha artna ashamed o' thisen,
to stond theer a-feightingk th' deevil hissel!"

Notes.--_Jud_, for George; _leet_, light; _bowd_, bold;
_dandycock_, Bantam cock; _gradely_, proper; _gen_, gave; _owd_,
old; _reet ee_, right eye; _git_, got; _as weild as weild_, as
wild as could be; _aht_, out; _at-aftur_, after; _gurt_, great;
_em_, him; _floy_, fly; _Runjer_, Ringway; _game_ (also _gam_),
full of pluck; _hoo_, she; _rooad_, road, way; _gurned_,
grinned; _soo_, sow (term of abuse); _hwom_, home; _thisen_,
thyself.

EASTERN (Group 2): N. ESSEX.

The following extract is from _John Noakes and Mary Styles_, by
Charles Clark, of Great Totham; London, 1839. Reprinted for the
E.D.S., 1895. As Great Totham is to the North of Maldon, I take this
specimen to belong to Prof. Wright's "Division 2" rather than to the
S.W. Essex of "Division 5." The use of _w_ for initial _v_ occurs
frequently, as in _werry_, very, etc.

At Tottum's Cock-a-Bevis Hill,
A sput surpass'd by few,
Where toddlers ollis haut to eye
The proper pritty wiew,

Where people crake so ov the place,
Leas-ways, so I've hard say;
An' frum its top yow, sarteny,
Can see a monsus way.

But no sense ov a place, some think,
Is this here hill so high,--
'Cos there, full oft, 'tis nation coad,
But that don't argufy.

As sum'dy, 'haps, when nigh the sput,
May ha' a wish to see 't,--
From Mauldon toun to Keldon 'tis,
An' 'gin a four-releet.

At Cock-a Bevis Hill, too, the
Wiseacres show a tree
Which if you clamber up, besure,
A precious way yow see.

I dorn't think I cud clime it now,
Aldoe I uster cud;
I shudn't warsley loike to troy,
For gulch cum down I shud.

My head 'ood swim,--I 'oodn't do't
Nut even fur a guinea;
A naarbour ax'd me, t'other day;
"Naa, naa," says I, "nut quinny."

Notes.--_Sput_, spot; _toddlers_, walkers; _ollis_, always;
_haut_, halt; _wiew_, view. _Crake_, boast; _leas(t)ways_, at
least; _sarteny_, certainly; _monsus_, monstrous, very long.

_No sense ov a_, poor, bad; _coad_, cold; _argufy_, prove
(anything).

_Sum'dy_, somebody; _from M._, between Maldon and Kelvedon;
_'gin_, against, near; _four-releet_ (originally _four-e leet_,
lit. "ways of four," _four-e_ being the genitive plural, hence)
meeting of four roads.

_Dorn't_, don't; _aldoe_, although; _uster cud_ (for _us'd to
could_), used to be able; _warsley_, vastly, much; _loike_,
like; _gulch_, heavily, with a bang.

_'Ood_, would; _nut_, not; _ax'd_, asked; _naa_, no; _nut
quinny_, not quite, not at all.

EASTERN (Group 3): NORFOLK.

The following extract from "A Norfolk Dialogue" is from a work
entitled _Erratics by a Sailor_, printed anonymously at London in
1800, and written by the Rev. Joshua Larwood, rector of Swanton
Morley, near East Dereham. Most of the words are quite familiar to me,
as I was curate of East Dereham in 1861-2, and heard the dialect
daily. The whole dialogue was reprinted in _Nine Specimens of
English Dialects_; E.D.S., 1895.

The Dialogue was accompanied by "a translation," as here reprinted. It
renders a glossary needless.

Original Vulgar Norfolk.
_Narbor Rabbin and Narbor Tibby._

Translation.
_Neighbour Robin and Neighbour Stephen._

_R._ Tibby, d'ye know how the knacker's mawther Nutty du?

_R._ Stephen, do you know how the collar-maker's daughter
Ursula is?

_T._ Why, i' facks, Rabbin, she's nation cothy; by Goms, she is so
snasty that I think she is will-led.

_S._ Why, in fact, Robin, she is extremely sick; by (_obsolete_),
she is so snarlish, that I think she's out of her mind.

_R._ She's a fate mawther, but ollas in dibles wi' the knacker and
thackster; she is ollas a-ating o' thapes and dodmans. The fogger sa,
she ha the black sap; but the grosher sa, she have an ill dent.

_R._ She's a clever girl, but always in troubles with the
collar-maker and thatcher; she is always eating gooseberries
and snails. The man at the chandler's shop says she has a
consumption: but the grocer says she's out of her senses.

_T._ Why, ah! tother da she fared stounded: she pluck'd the pur
from the back-stock, and copped it agin the balk of the douw-pollar,
and barnt it; and then she hulled [it] at the thackster, and hart
his weeson, and huckle-bone. There was northing but cadders in the
douw-pollar, and no douws: and so, arter she had barnt the balk, and
the door-stall, and the plancher, she run into the par-yard, thru
the pytle, and then swounded behinn'd a sight o' gotches o' beergood.

_S._ Why, aye! the other day she appeared struck mad: she
snatched the poker from the back of the stove, and flung it
against the beam of the pigeon-house, and burnt it; and then she
throwed it at the thatcher, and hurt his throat and hip-bone.
There were no pigeons in the pigeon-house, and nothing but
jack-daws; and so, after she had burned the beam, and the
door-frame and the floor, she ran into the cowyard, through the
small field, and fainted behind several pitchers of yeast.

_R._ Ah, the shummaker told me o' that rum rig; and his nevvey sa,
that the beer-good was fystey; and that Nutty was so swelter'd, that
she ha got a pain in spade-bones. The bladethacker wou'd ha gin har
some doctor's gear in a beaker; but he sa she'll niver moize agin.

_R._ Aye, the shoemaker told me of that comical trick; and his
nephew says, that the yeast was musty; and that Ursula [was so]
smothered, that she has got a pain in her bones. The thatcher
would have given her some doctor's medicine in a tumbler; but he
says, she will never recover.

Notes.--Pronounce _du_ like E. _dew_. _Snasty_, pron. _snaisty_,
cross. _Fate, fait_ (cf. E. _feat_), suitable, clever.
_Mawther_, a young girl; Norw. _moder_. _Dibles_: the _i_ is
long. _Sa_, says; _ha_, _have_, has; note the absence of final
_s_ in the third person singular. _Cadder_, for _caddow_; from
_caa-daw_, cawing daw. _Douw_, for _dow_, a dove. _Par_: for
_parrock_, a paddock. _Fystey_: with long _y_, from _foist_,
a fusty smell. _Sweltered_, over-heated, in profuse perspiration.
_Moize_, thrive, mend.

WESTERN (Group 1): S.W. SHROPSHIRE.

The following specimen is given in Miss Jackson's _Shropshire Word-
book_, London, 1879, p. xciv. It describes how Betty Andrews, of
Pulverbatch, rescued her little son, who had fallen into the brook.

I 'e{a}rd a scrike, ma'am, an' I run, an' theer I sid Frank 'ad
pecked i' the bruck an' douked under an' wuz drowndin', an' I
jumped after 'im an' got 'out on 'im an' lugged 'im on to the bonk
all sludge, an' I got 'im wham afore our Sam comen in--a good job
it wuz for Sam as 'e wunna theer an' as Frank wunna drownded, for
if 'e 'ad bin I should 'a' tore our Sam all to winder-rags, an'
then 'e 'd a bin djed an' Frank drownded an' I should a bin
'anged. I toud Sam wen 'e t{)o}{)o}k the 'ouse as I didna like
it.--"Bless the wench," 'e sed, "what'n'ee want? Theer's a tidy
'ouse an' a good garden an' a run for the pig." "Aye," I sed, "an'
a good bruck for the childern to peck in;" so if Frank 'ad bin
drownded I should a bin the djeth uv our Sam. I wuz that frittened,
ma'am, that I didna spake for a nour after I got wham, an' Sam sed
as 'e 'adna sid me quiet so lung sence we wun married, an' that wuz
eighteen 'ear.

Notes.--Miss Jackson adds the pronunciation, in glossic
notation. There is no sound of initial _h_. _Scrike_, shriek;
_sid_, seed, i.e. saw; _pecked_, pitched, fallen headlong;
_bruck_, brook; _douked_, ducked; _'out_, hold; _bonk_, bank;
_wham_, home; _wunna_, was not; _winder-rags_, shreds; _djed_,
dead; _toud_, told; _what'n'ee_, what do you; _a nour_, an hour;
_sid_, seen; _lung_, long; _wun_, were.

SOUTHERN (Group 2): WILTSHIRE.

The following well-known Wiltshire fable is from _Wiltshire
Tales_, by J. Yonge Akerman (1853). I give it as it stands in the
Preface to Halliwell's Dictionary; omitting the "Moral."

The Harnet and the Bittle.

A harnet zet in a hollur tree--
A proper spiteful twoad was he;
And a merrily zung while he did zet
His stinge as shearp as a bagganet;
Oh, who so vine and bowld as I?
I vears not bee, nor wapse, nor vly!

A bittle up thuck tree did clim,
And scarnvully did look at him;
Zays he, "Zur harnet, who giv thee
A right to zet in thuck there tree?
Vor ael you zengs so nation vine,
I tell 'e 'tis a house o' mine!"

The harnet's conscience velt a twinge,
But grawin' bowld wi' his long stinge,
Zays he, "Possession's the best laaw;
Zo here th' sha'sn't put a claaw!
Be off, and leave the tree to me,
The mixen's good enough for thee!"

Just then a yuckel, passin' by,
Was axed by them the cause to try;
"Ha! ha! I zee how 'tis!" zays he,
"They'll make a vamous munch vor me!"
His bill was shearp, his stomach lear,
Zo up a snapped the caddlin' pair!

Notes.--Observe _z_ and _v_ for initial _s_ and _f_; _harnet_,
hornet; _bittle_, beetle; _zet_, sat; _proper_, very; _twoad_,
toad, wretch; _a_, he; _stinge_, sting; _bagganet_, bayonet.

_Thuck_, that; _clim_, climb; _giv_, gave; _zet_, sit; _ael_, all.

_Th' sha'sn't_, thou shalt not; _mixen_, dung-heap.

_Yuckel_, woodpecker; _axed_, asked; _vamous munch_, excellent
meal; _lear_, empty; _caddlin'_, quarrelsome.

SOUTHERN (Group 3): ISLE OF WIGHT.

The following colloquy is quoted in the _Glossary of Isle of Wight
Words_, E.D.S., 1881, at p. 50.

I recollect perfectly the late Mr James Phillips of Merston relating
a dialogue that occurred between two of his labourers relative to
the word _straddle-bob_, a beetle.... At the time of luncheon, one
of them, on taking his _bren-cheese_ (bread and cheese) out of a
little bag, saw something that had found its way there; which led
to the following discourse.

_Jan._ What's got there, you?

_Will._ A straddlebob craalun about in the nammut-bag.

_J._ Straddlebob? Where ded'st leyarn to caal 'n by that neyam?

_W._ Why, what shoud e caal 'n? 'Tes the right neyam, esn ut?

_J._ Right neyam? No! Why, ye gurt zote vool, casn't zee 'tes a
dumbledore?

_W._ I know 'tes; but vur aal that, straddlebob's zo right a
neyam vor 'n as dumbledore ez.

_J._ Come, I'll be blamed if I doant laay thee a quart o' that.

_W._ Done! and I'll ax Meyastur to-night when I goos whoam, bee't
how't wool.

Accordingly, Meyastur was applied to by Will, who made his decision
known to Jan the next morning.

_W._ I zay, Jan! I axed Meyastur about that are last night.

_J._ Well, what ded ur zay?

_W._ Why, a zed one neyam ez jest zo vittun vor'n as tother; and
he lowz a ben caal'd straddlebob ever zunce the Island was vust
meyad.

_J._ Well, if that's the keeas, I spooas I lost the quart.

_W._ That thee hast, lucky; and we'll goo down to Arreton to the
Rid Lion and drink un ater we done work.

Notes.--Observe _z_ for _s_, and _v_ for _f_ initially. _What's_,
What hast thou; _nammut_ (lit. noon-meat), luncheon, usually
eaten at 9 A.M. (_n{-o}na h{-o}ra_); _leyarn_, learn; _esn_, is
not; _gurt_, great; _zote_, soft, silly; _casn't_, canst not;
_laay_, lay, wager; _how't wool_, how it will; _that are_, that
there; _lowz_ (lit. allows), opines; _zunce_, since; _vust meyad_,
first made; _keeas_, case; _lucky_, look ye!

SOUTHERN (Group 7): EAST SUSSEX.

The following quotations are from the _Dictionary of the Sussex
Dialect_, by the Rev. W.D. Parish, Vicar of Selmeston; E.D.S. 1875.
The Glossary refers rather to E. than to W. Sussex, Selmeston being
between Lewes and Eastbourne.

_Call over_, to abuse. "He come along here a-cadging, and fancy he
just did call me over, because I told him as I hadn't got naun to
give him." (_Naun_, nothing.)

_Clocksmith_, a watchmaker. "I be quite lost about time, I be; for
I've been forced to send my watch to the clocksmith. I couldn't make
no sense of mending it myself; for I'd iled it and I'd biled it, and
then I couldn't do more with it."

_Cocker-up_, to spoil; to gloss over with an air of truth. "You see
this here chap of hers, he's cockered-up some story about having to
goo away somewheres up into the sheeres; and I tell her she's no
call to be so cluck over it; and for my part I dunno but what I be
very glad an't, for he was a chap as was always a-cokeing about the
cupboards, and cogging her out of a Sunday." (_The sheeres_, any
shire of England except Kent and Sussex; _call_, reason; _cluck_,
out of spirits; _coke_, to peep; _cog_, to entice.)

_Joy_, a jay. "Poor old Master Crockham, he's in terrible order,
surel{'y}! The meece have taken his peas, and the joys have got at
his beans, and the snags have spilt all his lettuce." (_Order_, bad
temper; _meece_, mice; _snags_, snails; _spilt_, spoilt.)

_Kiddle_, to tickle. "Those thunder-bugs did kiddle me so that I
couldn't keep still no hows." (_Thunder-bug_, a midge.)

_Lawyer_, a long bramble full of thorns, so called because, "when
once they gets a holt an ye, ye do{a}nt easy get shut of 'em."

_Leetle_, a diminutive of little. "I never see one of these here
gurt men there's s'much talk about in the peapers, only once, and
that was up at Smiffle Show adunnamany years agoo. Prime minister,
they told me he was, up at London; a leetle, lear, miserable,
skinny-looking chap as ever I see. 'Why,' I says, 'we do{a}nt count
our minister to be much, but he's a deal primer-looking than what
yourn be.'" (_Gurt_, great; _Smiffle_, Smithfield; _adunnamany_, I
don't know how many; _lear_, thin, hungry; _see_, saw.)

_Sarment_, a sermon. "I likes a good long sarment, I doos; so as
when you wakes up it ain't all over."

_Tempory_ (temporary), slight, badly finished. "Who be I? Why, I be
John Carbury, that's who I be! And who be you? Why, you ain't a man
at all, you ain't! You be naun but a poor tempory creetur run up by
contract, that's what you be!"

_Tot_, a bush; a tuft of grass. "There warn't any grass at all when
we fust come here; naun but a passel o' gurt old tots and tussicks.
You see there was one of these here new-fashioned men had had the
farm, and he'd properly starved the land and the labourers, and the
cattle and everything, without it was hisself." (_Passel_, parcel;
_tussicks_, tufts of rank grass.)

_Twort_ (for _thwart_), pert and saucy. "She's terrible twort--she
wants a good setting down, she do; and she'll get it too. Wait till
my master comes in!"

_Winterpicks_, blackthorn berries.

_Winter-proud_, cold. "When you sees so many of these here
winterpicks about, you may be pretty sure 'twill be middlin'
winter-proud."

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ancren Riwle; ed. Jas. Morton. Camden Soc., 1873. (About 1230.)

Anglo-Saxon and Early English Psalter. Surtees Society. London, 1843-7.
2 vols. (See p. 25.)

Beda.--Venerabilis Bedae Historiae Ecclesiasticae Gentis Anglorum Libri
III, IV; ed. J.E.B. Mayor, M.A. and J.R. Lumby, B.D. Cambridge, 1878.

---- The Venerable Bede's Ecclesiastical History; also the Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle (both in English). Ed. J.A. Giles, D.C.L. London, 1859. (In
Bohn's Library.)

Dictionaries containing dialect words. (See p. 100.)

Durham Ritual.--Rituale Ecclesi{ae} Dunelmensis. Surtees Society. London,
1840.

Earle, Rev. J.; Anglo-Saxon Literature. London, S.P.C.K., 1884.

E.D.D.--English Dialect Dictionary (to which is appended the English
Dialect Grammar); ed. Dr Joseph Wright. Oxford, 1898-1905.

E.D.S.--English Dialect Society, publications of the. London, 1873-96.

E.E.T.S.--Early English Text Society, publications of the. London,
1864-1910. (Contains Alliterative Poems, Ayenbite of Inwyt, Barbour's
Bruce, Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight, St Juliana, Kentish Sermons,
Lyndesay's Works, etc.)

Jackson, Miss.--Shropshire Wordbook, by Georgina F. Jackson. London,
1879.

Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary. A new edition, ed. J. Longmuir and
D. Donaldson. Paisley, 1879-87. 4to. 4 vols. and Supplement.

Layamon's Brut; ed. Sir F. Madden. London, 1847. 3 vols.

Minot's Poems; ed. J. Hall. Oxford, 1887.

Morris, Rev. R., LL.D.; The Blickling Homilies. (E.E.T.S.) London, 1880.

---- Old English Miscellany. (E.E.T.S.) London, 1872.

---- Old English Homilies, Series I and II. (E.E.T.S.) London, 1867 and
1873.

---- Specimens of Early English. Part I. 1150-1300. Second Edition.
Oxford, 1885.

Morris, Rev. R. and Skeat, Rev. W.W.; Specimens of Early English. Part
II. Third edition. Oxford, 1894.

Murray, Sir James A.H. The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland.
(Phil. Soc.) London, 1873.

N.E.D.--The New English Dictionary; by Sir James A.H. Murray, H. Bradley,
and W.A. Craigie. Oxford, 1888-.

Ormulum; ed. R.M. White. Oxford, 1852. 2 vols.

Pricke of Conscience, by Richard Rolle de Hampole; ed. R. Morris. (Phil.
Soc.) London, 1863.

Psalter, by R. Rolle de Hampole; ed. Rev. H.R. Bramley. Oxford, 1884.

Robert of Gloucester; ed. W. Aldis Wright. (Record Series.) London, 1887.
2 vols.

Skeat, Rev. Walter W.; The Chaucer Canon. Oxford, 1900.

---- Etymological English Dictionary. New edition. Oxford, 1910.

---- The Holy Gospels, in Anglo-Saxon, Northumbrian, and Mercian
Versions. Cambridge, 1871-87.

---- Primer of English Etymology. Fifth edition. Oxford, 1910.

---- Principles of English Etymology, Series I. Second edition. Oxford,
1892.

Sweet, H.; An Anglo-Saxon Reader. Seventh edition. Oxford, 1894.

---- A Second Anglo-Saxon Reader, Archaic and Dialectal. Oxford, 1887.

---- The Oldest English Texts. (E.E.T.S.) London, 1885.

Trevisa.--Higden's Polychronicon; with Trevisa's English Version; ed.
C. Babington, B.D., and the Rev. J.R. Lumby, D.D. (Record Series.)
9 vols. London, 1865-86.

Wise, J.R.; Shakspere, his Birthplace and its Neighbourhood. London,
1861.

INDEX

Aberdeen dialect, 112, 113
Adam's body, materials of, 21, 22
Alfred, King, 47, 48
Allen, Grant, _Anglo-Saxon Britain_, 85
_Alliterative Poems_, ed. Morris, 80
_Altenglische Dichtungen_, 52
Ambry, aumbry, 97
_Ancren Riwle_, 49
Anglian period, 14
Anglo-French words in dialects, 94-96
Anglo-Saxon, 10, 11, 12
_Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, 12, 48
Laud MS., 73
Arain, arles, arris, asew, assith, 97
Assoilyie, astre, aunsel, aunter, aver, averous, 97, 98
Atkinson's (Cleveland) Glossary, 44
Awfully, 4
_Ayenbite of Inwyt_, 59, 60
Ayrshire dialect, 113, 114

Baker, Miss, 5
Barnes, William, 55, 111
Beda, 15
his "death-song," 15
his _History_, 14, 15, 17, 56
Beowulf, 7-9
Bewcastle column, 20
Bladud, King, 50, 51
Blood-boltered, 5
Bolter, 5, 6
Boucher, Rev. J., Dialect Dictionary, 101, 102
Boy or child, 5
Brockett's Glossary, 44
_Bruce_, by Barbour, 29-34
Brut, romance of, 49, 50, 51
Burns, Robert, 45, 113

C{ae}dmon, 15, 16
his hymn, 17
Caxton, 40
Celtic words in dialects, 83-86
list of, 85, 86
Charters, Kentish, 56, 57
Mercian, 70
Chaucer, use of Kentish by, 63
use of _yon_, 7
use of _asp_, 68
Cheshire dialect, 122, 123
Child (girl), 5, 6
Cole, King, 51
Corpus Glossary, 67
_Cursor Mundi_, 27, 28, 35
_Cymbeline_, 50

Dialect defined, 1
Dialect glossaries, 102-103
Dialect writers, 111
Dialects, foreign elements in the, 82-98
four old, 10,11
groups of, 107
modern, 106-109
specimens of, 110, etc.
Dialectic regeneration, 3
Dictionaries
by Coles, Kersey, Bailey, Dr Johnson, and Ash, 101
old, Promptorium and Catholicon, 100
Douglas, Gawain, 34
Dunbar, 33, 35
quoted, 45
Dunstan, St, Life of, 51
Durham, _Liber Vit{ae}_, 20
Ritual, 21

Eagre, 97
Earle, Prof., 14
Edinburgh dialect, 115, 116
Eliot
_see_ George
Ellis, A.J., _Early English Pronunciation_, 103
Erne, 6
English, the old name for Lowland Scotch, 33-35
_English Dialect Dictionary_, 85, 90, 104
_English Dialect Grammar_, 104
English Dialect Society, 103
_English Metrical Homilies_, 28
Essex dialect, 123, 124, 125

Fitzherbert, J., _Boke of Husbandry_, 99
Flittermouse, 4, 5
_Flower and the Leaf_, 38
French words in dialects, 93
list of, 96-98

Galt, John, 45
Gauntree, 95
_Gawayne and the Grene Knight_, 81
George Eliot, use of dialect by, 111
Gloss, meaning of, 23
Glossaries of dialectal words, 102, 103
Old English, 66, 67
_Golden Targe_, by Dunbar, 45
Gower, use of Kentish by, 62, 63
Greek words in dialects, 87
Grose, F., _Provincial Glossary_, 101

Hampole, R. Rolle of, 28, 32, 35
_Handlyng Synne_, quoted, 78, 79
Harleian MS. 2253, 52
Hebrew words in dialects, 88
Henry III., Proclamation of, 75-78
Henry the Minstrel, 33, 35
Higden, Ralph, 53
Hild, Abbess, 16
Hoccleve, 38
Hogg, James, 45
_Homilies in Verse_, 28
_Horn, romance of_, 50
Horstmann, Dr, 51
Hrinde (A.S.), 8, 9

Inglis, or Inglisch, 33-35
Isle of Wight dialect, 129, 130

Jamieson's Dictionary, 43, 44
Jonson, Ben, 5
Juliana, St, 49
Jutes, 56

Keats, 4
Kentish, 10, 11, 12
dialect, 56-64
glosses, 57
sermons, 58
Kentish _e_ (A.S. _y_), 61-64
_King Lear_, 50

Lancashire dialect, 119, 120
Latin words in dialects, 87
Layamon's _Brut_, 49
Leyden Riddle, 18
_Liber Vit{ae}_, 20
Lincolnshire dialect, 118, 119
words, 100, 101
_Locrine_, 50
London dialect, 74-78
Lorica Prayer, 68, 69
Lydgate, 38
Lyndesay, Sir David, 34, 35

Madam, 'm, 3
Malory, Sir Thomas, 40
Manning, Robert, 78, 79
Mercian dialect, 10, 11, 36, 37, 65-81
glosses, 70-72
spellings, 71-72
Michel, Dan, 59, 60
Midland dialect, 65-81
rise of, 37, 42
_Psalter_, 80
East, 65-79
West, 79-81
Minot's Poems, 29
_Moral Ode_, 49
Morris, Dr, _Blickling Homilies_, 8
_Old English Miscellany_, 49, 58
_Old English Homilies_, 49
_Specimens of Early English_, 58
Morris, Dr, on dialects, 81
Morris and Skeat, _Specimens_, etc., 27-29, 59, 60
Murray, Dr, on the Dialect of Scotland, 28, 32-5
Mueller, Prof. Max, _Lectures_, 3

_New English Dictionary_, 85
Norfolk dialect, 125-127
Northern dialect, great extent of, 32-35
Northumbrian, 10, 11, 12, 14-46
glosses, 22-24
riddle, 18
_Nut-brown Maid_, 38

_Old English Homilies_, 49
_Ormulum, The_, 73, 74
_Owl and Nightingale_, 49

Peacock's (Lincolnshire) Glossary, 44
_Pearl, The_, 80
Phonetic decay, 3
Plays, early, 41
Plurals, Southern, 61
_Prick of Conscience_, 28
_Proverbs of Alfred_, 49
Psalter, by Hampole, 32
Prose Treatises, by the same, 32
Psalter, Northumbrian, 25-27
West Midland, 80

Ramsay, Allan, 45
Ray, John, collection of dialectal words, 101
Rimy, 8, 9
rind, 9
Robert of Gloucester, 50
Rolle, of Hampole, 28, 32, 35
Romances, dialect of, 44
list of, 38-40
Ross, Alexander, 45
Rushworth MS., 22, 23, 70-72
Ruthwell Cross, 18, 19, 20

Scandinavian words in dialects, 88-93
list of, 90-93
Scots, Middle, 44, 45
Scott, Sir Walter, 6, 45
Scottish and English, 43, 44
Scottish Laws, early, 32
Shakespeare, 5, 6, 50
use of dialect, 100
Sheffield dialect, 121, 122
Shoreham, Wm. of, 58
quoted, 59
Shropshire dialect, 127-128
Skeat, _Chaucer Canon_, 73
_Etymological Dictionary_, 84-85
_Gospels in Anglo-Saxon_, 71
Index to _Icelandic Dictionary_, 89
_Primer of English Etymology_, 84
_Principles of English Etymology_, 70, 87, 89
Skinner, S., _Etymologicon_, 100
Smith, G. Gregory, _Specimens of Middle Scots_, 44, 45
_South English Legendary_, 51
Southern dialect, 47-55
Southey, R., his use of dialect, 111
_Specimens of Early English_
Part I., 49, 50
Part II., 51, 79.
_See_ Morris
Spenser's _Shepherd's Calendar_, 99
Stephens, Prof., 18
Sussex dialect, 130-132
Sweet, Dr, 15
_Anglo-Saxon Primer_, 48
_Anglo-Saxon Reader_, 18
_Anglo-Saxon Reader, Dialectal_, 56-57
_Oldest English Texts_, 10, 15, 19, 66
Gregory's _Pastoral Care_, 7

Tannahill, Robert, 45
Tennyson, 4, 111
_Testament of Love_, 53, 54
Trevisa, John, 53, 55
Tusser, T., _Pointes of Husbandrie_, 99
Twenty, 3

Usk, Thomas, 53, 54

Vernon MS., 52
_Vespasian Psalter_, 69, 70

Wessex
_see_ Anglo-Saxon
Westmoreland dialect, 117, 118
William of Palerne, 80
Wiltshire dialect, 128-129
Wise, J.R., 5
Wright, Dr J., _English Dialect Dictionary_, 9, 85, 90, 104
Wright, T., _Political Songs_, 29
Wyntoun, 29, 33

Yon, 6, 7

* * * * *
* * * *
* * * * *

{Transcriber's Correction:

Chapter III:
courageous before all men; I (the cross) durst not bow down
_text reads_ ... bow dow }

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