The Philippine Islands, 1493 to 1898 by Various

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_Luis Perez Dasmarinas_

[_Endorsed_: "April 27, 1604. To the Conde de Lemos. Suitable provision
has already been made; at Valladolid, [58] May 14, 1605."]

Sire:

As I was in doubt whether the letter which I wrote last year regarding
the matter in this was received by your Majesty, I give an account
of the same matter in this letter.

Toward the close of the previous year, 1600, there entered into
these islands, by way of the Strait of Magallanes, Oliver de Nort,
a Hollander, with two ships of war belonging to Count Mauricio. He
took prizes and caused damage, until he established himself at the
mouth of the bay of this city, intending to await the merchant ships
from China, and the galleon "Santo Thomas" from Nueva Espana, with
the silver for two years belonging to the business men of this kingdom.

As military affairs were at that time little cared for in these
islands, and there was no sort of preparation, the royal Audiencia
of your Majesty, at the petition of the president, Don Francisco
Tello, was obliged to take measures to provide aid in so urgent a
necessity, with all possible haste and efficiency. For this end I was
commissioned to go immediately to the port of Cabite, and place and
keep it in a state of defense; and to arm several ships, with which
to meet the pirate and divert him from his intention. Accordingly,
I did so to the best of my ability, and put two ships of moderate
size in readiness in a short time, there being no others.

The president ordered me again in your Majesty's name, and in
writing--as he considered that by no other authority, in view of
the state of affairs, could the expedition be made--to go out with
this fleet in my charge, against the enemy, and fight until I should
destroy him. In compliance with this I sought him, and encountered
him outside the bay of this city. We engaged the enemy in a long and
obstinate battle, which occurred between the two fleets on December
14. The outcome is related in the certified account by the president
and governor, which accompanies this, by which your Majesty will
be informed of the punishment which was inflicted upon this enemy,
and how our aim was attained as we had wished, and likewise of the
dangers and hardships which I encountered and underwent on this
occasion. In this I should be content if I had, for my only reward,
succeeded in serving your Majesty; for this aim alone drew me from
my home at so much danger to my honor, life, and children.

I humbly beg your Majesty to be pleased to pardon whatever fault there
may have been, in consideration of my good intention and desire to
obey, and to succeed in what I was commanded to do. God protect the
Catholic person of your Majesty. At Manila, June 30, 1602.

_Doctor Antonio de Morga_

Sire:

Although the obligation to advise your Majesty of the state of this
your province, of the Order of our father St. Augustine, is always
binding, yet for many new reasons it is especially binding this year;
for at the recent meeting cf the chapter here, by acclamation, and
without voting, father Fray Pedro Arze (concerning whom your Majesty
must already have a report), was elected provincial, with the consent
of all. From this we hope that, with the favor of God and your Majesty,
he will be successful in his government, since its commencement is
so propitious. The letter and mandate which your Majesty sent last
year serves him as a guide for the correction of what stands in
need of remedy, and the severity necessary to prevent disobedience;
accordingly, the province is enjoying the greatest peace and quiet
that it has ever had. In the meantime there came this year Fray Pedro
Sossa, with a commission as visitor, sent by Fray Christoval de la
Cruz from Nueva Espana, in virtue of several messages which he bears
from the father-general, Alejandro Genense. We did not receive him,
not because we did not desire a visitation--which, on the contrary,
we do desire, and humbly seek from your Majesty, for the justification
of this province--but because he did not come by order of your Majesty,
and for other reasons which the Audiencia of these islands examined;
and because some other and further messages which he bore from the
father vicar-general Fulvio relating to us appeared suspicious. In what
concerns this matter, we refer your Majesty to the said Audiencia,
which, we believe, will advise your Majesty with due fidelity. Your
Majesty has therein two very faithful vassals and servants, namely,
Doctor Antonio de Morga and the licentiate Tellez Almazan--both the
fathers of children, excellent judges, poor, and deserving of whatever
favor your Majesty may extend to them; and especially of being removed
from this country, which is poor and of scant resources, and where
they cannot provide for the fortunes of their children. In this way
we consider that your Majesty would do a great service to God.

The bearer of this is the father definitor, Fray Diego Cerravi, [59]
who came to these regions from Castilla about eight years ago, and has
served your Majesty and the order here very advantageously. He is a
learned and virtuous religious, who speaks the truth; accordingly your
Majesty may credit what he says. He is a man of so many good qualities
that, to tell your Majesty in a word, he leaves us at his departure
lonely, sad, and disconsolate at losing him--although we are consoled
by our confidence in the favor and grace which your Majesty will show
this province and to him in its name, by ordering that aid be given to
him in the business which he has in his charge; and especially that he
may bring us friars from the province of Castilla, who are here much
approved for their virtue and learning. And we are confident that
your Majesty will favor us in all matters as our protector, patron,
and only defender; we trust no less that our Lord will protect for
us the royal person of your Majesty, according to the needs of your
kingdoms and seigniories, and of us, your ministers and chaplains. We
beseech, etc. From this your Majesty's convent of the Order of our
father Saint Augustine. In the city of Manila, on the fourth of July
in the year one thousand six hundred and two.

_Fray Pedro Arce_, provincial
_Fray Agustin de Tapia_, definitor
_Fray Bernave de Villalovos_, definitor
_Fray Diego Cerrabe_, definitor
_Fray Pedro de Salzedo_, definitor

[_Endorsed with the following order_: "Join this with the letter from
the Audiencia, and bring them in on January 28, 1604."]

Sire:

Since the last year, 601, an account has been given to your Majesty
of the expedition which I conducted at the close of the previous year,
1600, by order of the governor and president, Don Francisco de Tello,
against Olibert de Norte, a corsair from Holland who entered among
these islands, taking prizes with two ships of war; and of the outcome
of the expedition, by which the said corsair was punished and harassed.

Francisco de las Missas, factor and overseer of your Majesty's
exchequer in these islands, whom I inspected a short time ago
... [under a] [60] special commission from your Majesty, and passed
sentence upon him ... penalties and restitutions as will appear by
the report of the inspection which I have sent to your ... [Majesty]
by three routes. He has been so hostile ... that he displays his
jealousy of me in all matters [in so far as] he can. Accordingly,
on account of this--as well as to cover his fault at the time of
the despatch of the fleet which I took, by sending me unsupplied
with sailors and other things necessary, which it was his duty to
furnish--among other measures which he has taken since the past
year, one has been under color and appearance of proceeding from
the licentiate Salazar de Salzedo, fiscal of this Audiencia (whom,
for private reasons, he holds quite in his power). The said factor
induced the fiscal, in the affair of his investigation, to draw up a
secret information with suborned witnesses--sailors and others, who
are at his call--by which it is intimated that he furnished me well,
and that the commander's ship was lost through my fault, imputing to
me by the statements of these men other and illegal actions, in order
to disparage my faithful service; by this may be seen the malice and
passion of those concerned in this affair. That document was sent to
your Majesty and the ministers before whom this matter is considered.

In like manner Captain Joan de Alcega (his intimate friend,
and likewise a partisan of the said fiscal and factor), whom I
took as admiral, in order to cover up his own guilt--for which he
was arrested by the president and governor, and is being proceeded
against officially because, at the beginning of the fight, he left the
commander's ship unsustained, contrary to the order which he had from
me in writing; and on account of other illegal acts, and because he
took a part of the benefits of the success which resulted--he also,
driven by the same heat of passion, has taken secret measures and
procured documents with which to inform your Majesty in a sinister
way to my prejudice.

Since it is just that in all matters your Majesty should be informed of
the truth, I send certain documents which are not drawn in secret, nor
cunningly, nor maliciously, whereby the truth will appear--especially
the information which was drawn by the alcalde-mayor of the province
of Valayan (on whose coast and in whose district the ship was lost),
the very next day, and obtained from the men who were saved from the
wreck. By this may be seen what passed in this region, and the guilt
of the said factor, and that of the admiral, as has been pointed out.

Beside this, in the ships which leave here this year goes a religious
of the Order of St. Augustine, Fray Francisco de Valdes by name, who
was sent, in company with Fray Diego de Cerrabi, by his order to the
court of your Majesty on the business of the order. This religious
can inform your Majesty of all which occurred on the said expedition,
as his order sent him on it to confess and administer the sacraments;
and he was present during the fight on the commander's ship, and saved
himself by swimming. As a trustworthy and disinterested person, he will
tell the truth, without being influenced by personal considerations.

I humbly beg your Majesty that, with this understanding, your Majesty
may be pleased to command that opportunity be not given for distortion
of facts in such a way, by persons so jealous and so suspicious, who
are moved alone by anger and passion to avenge themselves and procure
satisfaction from the ministers who, for the service of your Majesty,
have administered (as they still do) justice in your behalf; and
that you will command that the illegality which appears to have been
committed in this be punished, as is most fitting for the service of
your Majesty. God protect the Catholic person of your Majesty. Manila,
July 8, 1602.

_Doctor Antonio de Morga_

Sire:

I, the licentiate Geronimo de Salazar y Salcedo, your fiscal in
the royal Chancilleria of the Philipinas Islands, say that on the
sixteenth of January of the year one thousand six hundred your Majesty
was pleased to command that a royal commission be given to Don Pedro
de Acuna, governor and captain-general of these islands, empowering
him, when he should reach them, to cause the royal officials to give
him a report of what they have collected from Don Francisco Tello,
his predecessor, toward the sixteen millions [of maravedis?] which
were still due from the balance which was incurred by him at the
time when he was treasurer of the Sevilla House of Trade; and also
to cause that whatever remained to be paid should be collected from
the said Don Francisco Tello and from his property.

In the course of the execution of this commission by the said Don
Pedro de Acuna, the royal officials certified that the said Don
Francisco Tello had paid them twenty-seven thousand two hundred
pesos of common gold, which should be twenty-eight thousand one
hundred and eighty-four pesos, according to your command by a royal
decree dated in San Lorenco, on the thirteenth of September in the
year one thousand five hundred and ninety-five. The said officials
decided that the eight thousand pesos which were lost in the year
one thousand six hundred in the ship "Santa Margarita" should be
for your Majesty's account--because, since the debt was contracted
in the Sevilla House of Trade, the payment should be there; and
the said Don Francisco Tello must run the risk as far as that. They
also decided that what was ordered in the aforesaid royal decree of
the thirteenth of September, ninety-five, was that each year three
thousand ducados should be deducted from the salary of Don Francisco
Tello, which were to be sent each year; and, as he failed to pay in
the years ninety-six, ninety-seven, and ninety-eight, for the rest
of the time it came about that eight thousand pesos were sent each
year. It was thus that the aforesaid eight thousand pesos were lost
which were going in the said ship "Santa Margarita;" whereas, if the
aforesaid royal decree had been followed and three thousand ducados
sent, no more than that sum would have been lost.

The governor gave me authority to follow up the matter, and I asked
from him an order of execution for the whole sum, with the assurance
that I would receive on account whatever seemed lawfully to have been
paid; it was given to me on the person and goods of the aforesaid
Don Francisco Tello, but property was not found to the value of four
hundred pesos. He opposed the execution, saying that he had paid in
Sevilla with the income of his family estate, together with what he
had paid here, all the balance that was due. I replied to this that
this did not appear, from the aforesaid royal decree of January, one
thousand six hundred, and that a forced sale would have to be made
for the amount that was therein ordered--not taking account of the
payments that had been made here until they should arrive at Sevilla,
as the official judges of these islands have decided--and that what
was lost must be at the risk of the said Don Francisco Tello.

This was proper, since at the time when the said royal officials
gave the said money to the masters of the ships to be delivered to
the treasury of Mexico, the aforesaid Don Francisco Tello, by the
authority of his position, gave orders that the said masters should
give him the money; and he invested it in merchandise, which, if it
had arrived in Mexico, would have gained a great deal. It was right
that, since he was to have the profit, he should bear what risk there
was--which was greater than if he had allowed the royal officials to
send the money as it suited them. Since each year a great quantity
of money is sent from the treasury of Mexico to the one here, they
would have given orders that, instead of sending the money from here,
it should be deducted from what was to be sent from Mexico, in order
that that quantity might be sent to Sevilla. In this way the risk of
going and coming would have been avoided; and, even if there had not
been any opportunity for this, they might have sent the said money
in gold--which is a less risk, because it is of less bulk and weight
than reals--and thirty per cent would have been gained in Mexico.

Both sides brought evidence, but that for the opposition was of no
importance; so the governor gave judgment according to the opinion
of the licentiate Luis Ortis de Padilla, reporter of the aforesaid
royal Chancilleria, ordering that his property be sold to the highest
bidder, in order to recover the amount for which the execution had been
granted--deducting from it all which the royal officials certify to
have been paid here, and also, eight thousand pesos for what he says he
has paid in Sevilla. I consented to the judgment as far as concerned
what was favorable, and I appealed from what was in opposition, to
what I had asked to have received as evidence. The opposing side has
denied this, and made a declaration of nullity against the aforesaid
royal decree of the year six hundred, saying that, according to it,
it was ordered that the accountants of the royal Council of the
Indias should make a record of this matter, which they did not do;
so that everything that was done by its authority is void. Thus the
suit remains in this position.

Seeing that I did not find any property of the said Don Francisco
Tello with which to fulfil the aforesaid commission, and hearing that
he had some property which he kept secret, I asked for and received
letters of excommunication and censure against those who might know
of property belonging to the said Don Francisco Tello, in order that
they should make it known. They opposed this, and tried to delay it
as much as possible; but nevertheless it was ordered that the three
letters should be given. They appealed from this, and menaced me with
the aid of fuerza [61]--with the result that until the sixth of this
month the last letter could not be read, so that the examination of
the depositions that were taken has been delayed. According to them,
it appears that he has no property of any account in these islands,
but that what he has is in Nueva Espana; and whatever I have been able
to hear of I give notice to the viceroy of that country to attach,
because the ships are about to sail, and the governor is in Cavite,
and I cannot get a warrant for it. God keep the Catholic person of
your Majesty, according to His power. From Manila, on the tenth of
July of the year 1602.

The licentiate _Hieronimo de Salazar y Salzedo_

[_Endorsed_: "Examined on the second of July, 1604. Let it be put with
another from the royal officials of Philipinas, of July 18, 1603."]

Bibliographical Data

All documents in this volume save two are obtained from the original
MSS. in the Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla; and their pressmarks
therein are indicated as follows:

1. _Ordinances of the Audiencia_ (concluded).--See _Vol_. X, No. 15.

2. _Hospital for Indians._--"Simancas-Secular; Audiencia de Filipinas;
cartas y expedientes de personas seculares, vistos en el Consejo;
anos 1595 a 1606; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 35."

3. _Letters from the fiscal, 1599._--"Simancas-Secular; Audiencia
de Filipinas; cartas y espedientes del presidente y oidores de dicha
audiencia vistos en el Consejo; anos de 1583 a 1600; est. 67, caj. 6,
leg. 18."

4. _Letter from king of Borneo._--The same as No. 3, save that the
dates read, "1583 a 1599."

5. _Letters from Telia._--"Simancas-Secular; Audiencia de Filipinas;
cartas y expedientes del gobernador de Filipinas vistos en el Consejo;
anos de 1567 a 1599; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 6."

6. _Letters from Felipe III._--The first one: "Simancas-Filipinas;
cartas y espedientes del presidente y oidores de dha Audiencia vistos
en el Consejo; anos de 1600 a [1606]; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 19." (The
second: in "Cedulario Indico" of Archivo Historico Nacional, Madrid,
"Tomo 38, fº. 131.6, nº. 101.")

7. _Pacification of Mindanao._--The same as No. 6, first part.

8. _Van Noordt's attack._--"Simancas-Secular; Audiencia de Filipinas;
cartas y expedientes del presidente y oidores de dicha Audiencia vistos
en el Consejo; anos de 1600 a 1612; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 19;" but
on the last of the papers in this group the dates read, "1600 a 1606."

9. _Morga's report of battle._--The same as No. 8.

10. _Letter from Garcia._--"Simancas-Secular; cartas y espedientes
de personas eclesiasticas vistos en el Consejo; anos 1570 a 1608;
est. 68, caj. 1, leg. 42."

11. _Letter from the fiscal, 1601._--The same as No. 8.

12. _Complaint of cabildo._--The same as No. 2.

13. _Letter from Morga._--The same as No. 6, first part.

14. _Grant to Jesuit school._--"Simancas-Audiencia de Filipinas;
consultas originales correspondientes a dha Audiencia desde el ano
1586 a 1636; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 1."

15. _Instructions to Acuna._--"Audiencia de Filipinas; registros de
oficio reales ordenes dirigidas a las autoridades del distrito de la
Audiencia; anos 1597 a 1634; est. 105, caj. 2, leg. 1."

16. _Royal decrees, 1602._--The same as No. 15.

17. _Pintados menaced._--The same as No. 8.

18. _Letters to Felipe III._--The first, second, and fifth, the same
as No. 8; the third, the same as No. 10, save that the heading reads,
"Simancas-Eclesiastico;" the fourth, the same as No. 6, first part.

_Annual letters from the Philippine Islands, 1601._--This document
is obtained from a compilation of missionary letters by John Hay,
S.J., entitled _De rebus Iaponicis Indicis, et Pervanis_ (Antverpiae,
M. DC. V), pp. 950-968. Our translation is made from a copy of this
book in the Library of Congress.

NOTES

[1] Evidently a reference to the memoir of Fray Juan Plasencia upon
the customs of the Tagal natives (_Vol_. VII. pp. 173-196), which was
long used as a guide by Spanish magistrates and officials in their
dealings with the Indians.

[2] A counsellor-at-law appointed by the supreme court to make the
briefs of the causes to be tried; he reads them before the court, after
they have been first examined and approved by the parties concerned.

[3] The reference or act of delivering written judicial proceedings
to the other party, in order that, on examination of them, he may
prepare the answer.

[4] Inserted among these decrees is a copy of the account written by
Fray Juan de Plasencia, O.S.F., of the customs of the Tagal Indians--a
document presented in vol. VII of this series; also (unsigned and
undated, but probably by the same writer) a paper entitled, "Remarks
on the customs which the natives of Pampanga formerly observed in
their lawsuits."

[5] _Cuarteles_: referring to the cost of quartering soldiers on
the citizens.

[6] So in the official transcript from the original MS.; but apparently
an error for _bar--i.e., bahar_, which is an Arabic weight, computed
in the Moluccas at about five hundred and ninety pounds (Crawfurd's
_Dictionary_, p. 103).

[7] The Spanish translation of this letter is written on the back of
the letter itself.

[8] The words in brackets throughout this letter are conjectural
readings.

[9] _Marginal note, apparently made to facilitate reference_: "That
at the end of July, 1599, information was received through letters
from the captains of the forces at Malaca and Maluco that at Sunda
and Terrenate were a number of English ships, whose designs were
not known; that help was asked for Maluco, but the request was not
granted, it being impossible for this kingdom of the Phelippinas to
do more; and that it is necessary that we be provided with troops,
arms, and money from Nueva Espana, of all of which advices have been
given the viceroy."

[10] The letters here mentioned are found at the end of this document;
they are all written in Portuguese. They are not presented here,
as all that is essential in them is contained in Tello's letter.

[11] _Marginal note_: "That the troops and artillery are to retire
from the fort of La Caldera, and proceed to Cebu, as they are needed
there; and the fort is burned."

[12] Spanish, _que van por el agua mas de una legua_; apparently some
word or phrase is missing. Montero y Vidal (_Hist. de la pirateria_,
i, p. 144) says that the fort of La Caldera was two and one-half
kilometers (a little more than one and one-half miles) from Zamboanga.

[13] _Marginal note_: "That information regarding the English has
been given to the viceroy of Nueva Espana, in order that he may send
reenforcements."

[14] _Marginal note_: "That the work of casting artillery is being
continued."

[15] The Strait of Sunda, which separates Java from Sumatra.

[16] This is followed by notarial attestations regarding the drawing
and collation of the above copy of instructions from the original,
at the order of Pedro de Acuna and Antonio de Morga, in 1602, and
the certification as to the qualifications of the government notary,
also dated in 1602.

[17] The ship ranking second in a fleet.

[18] Preceding this document, which is a copy and not the original,
is a notarial declaration attesting that the present copy was made
from the original by order of Antonio de Morga, for use in a suit
brought by him against his admiral, Joan de Alcega, for deserting the
flagship during the battle, which caused the loss of the flagship. At
the close of the instructions is the notarial attestation of Joan
Paez de Sotomayor as to the correctness of the copy, under witness of
Geronimo Xuarez and Joan de Aldave, and bearing date of August 27,
1602; and the further attestation by three notaries that Paez de
Sotomayor is entitled to act as notary.

[19] Francis Drake; see mention of this voyage in _Vol_. IV, p. 313.

[20] Thomas Candish; see _Vol_. VII, p. 52.

[21] Oliver van Noordt; he was a native of Utrecht, and led this
expedition in behalf of a commercial company which had been formed in
1598 by certain citizens of the United Provinces. Although the main
object of their enterprise was trade, the commission issued to Esaias
de Lende (q.v., _post_) shows that the Dutch government gladly seized
this opportunity to attack Spanish possessions in the Orient. See
the detailed account of Van Noordt's voyage in _Recueil des voiages
... des Indes Orientales_ (Amsterdam, MDCCXXV), ii. pp. 1-117.

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