A Psychiatric Milestone by Various

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Alexander Lambert, M.D. New York City.
Charles I. Lambert, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.
Mrs. Charles I. Lambert White Plains, N.Y.
Arthur G. Lane, M.D. Greystone Park, N.J.
G. Alfred Lawrence, M.D. New York City.
W.A. Lawrence, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.
Ruth W. Lawton White Plains, N.Y.
Helen Letson White Plains, N.Y.
Samuel Leopold, M.D. Philadelphia, Pa.
Maurice J. Lewi, M.D. New York City.
Mrs. Maurice J. Lewi New York City.
Miss Ella H. Lowe White Plains, N.Y.
Walter E. Lowthian, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.
F.R. Lyman, M.D. Hastings-on-Hudson, N.Y.
Samuel B. Lyon, M.D. New York City.
Winslow Lyon New York City.

William H. McCastline, M.D. New York City.
John T. McCurdy, M.D. New York City.
Carlos F. MacDonald, M.D. New York City.
D.W. McFarland, M.D. Greens Farms, Conn.
Miss Eliza Macdonald Flushing, L.I., N.Y.
John W. Mackintosh White Plains, N.Y.
Daniel W. Maloney White Plains, N.Y.
Grace F. Marcus, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.
L. Markham, M.D. Amityville, N.Y.
Miss Anna Maxwell, R.N. New York City.
John F.W. Meagher, M.D. Brooklyn, N.Y.
Adolf Meyer, M.D. Baltimore, Md.
Carlos J. Miller, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.
Henry W. Miller, M.D. Brewster, N.Y.
Mrs. R. Van C. Miller New York City.
George W. Mills, M.D. Central Islip, N.Y.
Henry Moffett, M.D. Yonkers, N.Y.
Mrs. Maude G. Moody New York City.
Miss Madeline Moore White Plains, N.Y.
Joseph W. Moore, M.D. Beacon, N.Y.
Eugene T. Morrison, M.D. New Rochelle, N.Y.
Miss Cecil Morrison White Plains, N.Y.
Richard W. Moriarty, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.
Herman Mortensen, R.N. White Plains, N.Y.
Walter W. Mott, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.
Florence Munn White Plains, N.Y.

Theodore W. Neumann, M.D. Central Valley, N.Y.
Ethan A. Nevin, M.D. Newark, N.J.
Miss Christine M. Nuno New York City.

George O'Hanlon, M.D. New York City.
James M. O'Neill Harrison, N.Y.
Herman Ostrander, M.D. Kalamazoo, Mich.
Mary F. O'Grady White Plains, N.Y.

Flavius Packer, M.D. Riverdale, N.Y.
Mrs. Flavius Packer Riverdale, N.Y.
Irving H. Pardee, M.D. New York City.
Jason S. Parker, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.
Frederick W. Parsons, M.D. Buffalo, N.Y.
Miss Margaret Patin White Plains, N.Y.
Stewart Paton, M.D. Princeton, N.J.
Christopher J. Patterson, M.D. Troy, N.Y.
Guy Payne, M.D. Cedar Grove, N.J.
Arthur M. Phillips, M.D. New York City.
Charles W. Pilgrim, M.D., Chairman,
State Hospital Commission, N.Y. Central Valley, N.Y.
Mason Pitman, M.D. Riverdale-on-Hudson, N.Y.
Miss Leah Pitman White Plains, N.Y.
Miss Adele S. Poston, R.N. White Plains, N.Y.
Howard W. Potter, M.D. Thiells, N.Y.
Wilson M. Powell New York City.
Mrs. Margaret J. Powers New York City.
Miss Nina Prey New York City.
W.B. Pritchard, M.D. New York City.
Morton Prince, M.D. Boston, Mass.
Rose Pringle, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.
Sylvanus Purdy, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.

Paul R. Radosvljevich, M.D. New York City.
E. Benjamin Ramsdell, M.D. New York City.
Edwin G. Ramsdell, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.
Mortimer W. Raynor, M.D. New York City.
Lawrence F. Rainsford, M.D. Rye, N.Y.
Mrs. Lawrence F. Rainsford Rye, N.Y.
Henry A. Riley, M.D. New York City.
Miss Elise Reilly White Plains, N.Y.
Frank W. Robertson, M.D. New York City.
M.A. Robinson, M.D. New York City.
William C. Roden, R.N. White Plains, N.Y.
A.J. Rosanoff, M.D. Kings Park, N.Y.
Miss Catherine Ross, R.N. White Plains, N.Y.
John T.W. Rowe, M.D. New York City.
Richard G. Rows, M.D. London, England.
Frederick D. Ruland, M.D. Westport, Conn.
William L. Russell, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.
Mrs. William L. Russell White Plains, N.Y.
Earnest F. Russell, M.D. New York City.
Paul L. Russell White Plains, N.Y.
Mrs. Paul L. Russell White Plains, N.Y.
Walter G. Ryon, M.D. Poughkeepsie, N.Y.
Miss Helen K. Ryce Poughkeepsie, N.Y.

Miss Helen Sayre White Plains, N.Y.
Thomas W. Salmon, M.D. New York City.
Mrs. Thomas W. Salmon New York City.
Irving J. Sands, M.D. Brooklyn, N.Y.
James P. Sands, M.D. Philadelphia, Pa.
William C. Sandy, M.D. New York City.
Miss E. Saul New York City.
William G. Schauffler, M.D. Princeton, N.J.
Paul Schlegman, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.
H. Ernest Schmid, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.
Miss Gertrude Schmid White Plains, N.Y.
Augusta Scott, M.D. New York City.
Major Louis L. Seaman, M.D. New York City.
Edward W. Sheldon New York City.
George Sherrill, M.D. Stamford, Conn.
Miss Eloise Shields, R.N. White Plains, N.Y.
Lewis M. Silver, M.D. New York City.
Mrs. A. Slesingle New York City.
Mrs. Anna C. Schermerhorn New York City.
Rev. Frank H. Simmonds White Plains, N.Y.
Clarence J. Slocum, M.D. Beacon, N.Y.
Mrs. Clarence J. Slocum Beacon, N.Y.
Augustine J. Smith New York City.
Miss M. Smith, R.N. Titusville, Pa.
Philip Smith, M.D. New York City.
Rev. George H. Smyth Scarsdale, N.Y.
D. Austin Sniffen, D.D. White Plains, N.Y.
John D. Southworth, M.D. New York City.
Edith E. Spaulding, M.D. New York City.
M. Allen Starr, M.D. New York City.
Samuel A. Steele White Plains, N.Y.
William Steinach, M.D. New York City.
George S. Stevenson, M.D. New York City.
Adolf Stern, M.D. New York City.
Emil Strateman White Plains, N.Y.
Israel Strauss, M.D. New York City.
Frank K. Sturgis New York City.
Miss Mary Ruth Swann, R.N. Washington, D.C.
C.C. Sweet, M.D. Ossining, N.Y.
Sarah Swift White Plains, N.Y.

William B. Terhune, M.D. New Haven, Conn.
William J. Tiffany, M.D. New York City.
Walter Clark Tilden, M.D. Hartsdale, N.Y.
Frederick Tilney, M.D. New York City.
Walter Timme, M.D. New York City.
Howard Townsend New York City.
E. Clark Tracy, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.
Walter L. Treadway, M.D. Washington, D.C.
Miss Gertrude Trefrey, R.N. White Plains, N.Y.

Miss Mary G. Urquhart White Plains, N.Y.

J.L. Van deMark, M.D. Albany, N.Y.
T.J. Vosburgh, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.
Henry J. Vier, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.

Emory M. Wadsworth, M.D. Brooklyn, N.Y.
Miss Lillian D. Wald, R.N. New York City.
Professor Howard C. Warren Princeton, N.J.
Mrs. Caroline E. Washburn White Plains, N.Y.
Miss Martha Washburn White Plains, N.Y.
G.F. Washburne, M.D. Hastings-on-Hudson, N.Y.
Chester Waterman, M.D. New York City.
James J. Waygood, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.
Mrs. James J. Waygood White Plains, N.Y.
R.G. Wearne, M.D. New York City.
Edward W. Weber, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.
Israel S. Wechsler, M.D. New York City.
Miss Kathryn I. Wellman. White Plains, N.Y.
Mrs. Adelyn Wesley New York City.
Lt. Col. Arthur W. Whaley, M.D. New York City.
Mrs. Arthur W. Whaley New York City.
Miss Margaret Wheeler Short Hills, N.J.
Payne Whitney New York City.
Frankwood E. Williams, M.D. New York City.
Rodney R. Williams, M.D. Poughkeepsie, N.Y.
O.J. Wilsey, M.D. Amityville, N.Y.
John E. Wilson, M.D. New York City.
Miss A. Wilson New York City.
J.M. Winfield, M.D. Brooklyn, N.Y.
G. Howard Wise New York City.
Miss Frances E. Wood White Plains, N.Y.
Robert C. Woodman, M.D. Middletown, N.Y.
Robert S. Woodworth, Ph.D. New York City.

Rev. John C. York Brooklyn, N.Y.

Edwin G. Zabriskie, M.D. New York City.
Charles C. Zacharie, M.D. White Plains, N.Y.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 19: If any names are omitted it is because these names and
addresses were not obtained.]

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I

COMMUNICATIONS FROM DR. BEDFORD PIERCE, MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT OF THE
RETREAT, YORK, ENGLAND

May 5th, 1921.

DEAR DR. RUSSELL:

I have read with much pleasure your pamphlet giving the history of
Bloomingdale Hospital. The reproduction in facsimile of Thomas Eddy's
communication[20] is especially interesting and it will be placed with
the records of the early days of the Retreat.

We have looked through the Minutes, which are complete from the opening
of the Retreat in 1796, and also examined a large number of original
letters of William and Samuel Tuke respecting the Institution, but have
not succeeded in tracing the letter from S. Tuke to William Eddy, to
which you refer. As you are probably aware, S. Tuke was the grandson of
William Tuke, the founder, and when he published the History of the
Retreat in 1812 he was but twenty-eight years of age. This book had a
far-reaching influence on the treatment of the insane, and it is
remarkable that a man untrained in medicine and without university
education should have been able to write it. The book is now very rare,
but as we have three duplicate copies, I am authorized by the Directors
of the Retreat to present your Hospital with one of them. I have already
sent you a copy of an address of my own dealing with Psychiatry in
England at about the time your Hospital was instituted.

The use of the term "moral treatment" as opposed to treatment of
physical disease has in recent years become especially interesting. It
is clear that Tuke and Pinel foresaw that psychotherapeutic treatment is
necessary, and their efforts were directed towards providing effective
"sublimation" of misdirected psychical energy.

One is pleased to see in your report the extent to which organized
occupations are developed at Bloomingdale--a pleasure not unmixed with
envy at seeing the picture of the men's occupational pavilion, and the
prospective erection of a similar building for women.

In the early days of the Retreat large numbers of visitors came from all
parts of the world. There is a gap in the Visitors' Book between
1800-1815, and the list of visitors is not complete.

We have copied out the names of the American Visitors, together with an
entry by John W. Francis, M.D., in 1815. It is interesting to note that
an American woman Friend, Hannah Field, was accompanied to the Retreat
by Elizabeth Fry. In 1818 a party of North American Indians visited the
Retreat and signed the Visitors' Book with pictorial representations of
their names. These we have had photographed and I send the prints
herewith.

May I congratulate you on the centenary of your Hospital and also
congratulate you and the Governors on its remarkable development and
progress. Here at the Retreat we carry on using the original buildings
still, striving to give our patients modern treatment in premises now
almost ancient, but which do not appear so out of date in this City of
York. York congratulates New York upon its wonderful prosperity, and we
gladly recognize its development in the practice of psychiatry fully
corresponds with its development in other directions.

I remain,

Yours sincerely,

BEDFORD PIERCE.

EXTRACT FROM MINUTES OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE RETREAT

The Retreat, York

Meeting of Directors held on April the 30th, 1921

Copy of Minute No. 8

At this Meeting of the Directors and Agents of York Retreat we hear with
pleasure that the Bloomingdale Hospital, the section of the Society of
the New York Hospital devoted to the Treatment of Mental Diseases, is to
celebrate next month the centenary of its foundation. The facsimile
reproduction of the letter of Thomas Eddy which has been presented to
the Retreat Library is specially interesting to us as it acknowledges
the pioneer work at the Retreat and specially refers to correspondence
with Samuel Tuke. We have pleasure in sending to the Governors of the
Bloomingdale Hospital a copy of Samuel Tuke's classical work "The
Description of the Retreat" in the belief that the principles therein
set forth are of lasting importance. We send our hearty congratulations
to the Bloomingdale Hospital on its century of good work and wish it
every success in the future.

Signed,

CHARLES WEOMANS, _Chairman_.

OSCAR F. RUMLEN, _Treasurer_.

* * * * *

TRANSCRIPT FROM THE VISITORS BOOK OF THE RETREAT

EARLY AMERICAN VISITORS

1803. 3 mon 11th. _Abrm. Barker_, New Bedford, Massachusits, a young man
(a Friend) on a tour; has been in Russia, Denmark, Sweden &
Holland. (In William Tuke's writing)

1815. Nov. 30. _John W. Francis_, M.D. of N. York. J.W. Francis is not
wholly ignorant of the State of the Lunatic Asylums in North
America, and he has visited almost all the institutions for the
Insane that are established in England. He now embraces this
opportunity of stating that after an examination of the Retreat
for some hours, he should do injustice to his feelings were he
not to declare that this establishment far surpasses anything of
the kind he has elsewhere seen, and that it reflects equal credit
on the wisdom and humanity of its conductors.

Perhaps it is no inconsiderable honour to add that institutions
of a similar nature and on the same plan are organizing in
different parts of the United States. The New World cannot do
better than imitate the old so far as concerns the management of
those who labour under mental infirmities. J.W.F.

1816. 1 Mon 4. _Sharon Carter_, Philadelphia.

1816. 1 mon. _Wm. S. Warder_, from Philadelphia.

1816. 2 mon 21. Rev. Thomas H. Gallaudet, who visits Europe for the
purpose of qualifying himself to superintend an Asylum for the
Deaf and Dumb, proposed to be established in Hartford,
Connecticut, of the United States of America.

1816. 4 mon 8th. _Archibald Gracie_, Junr., New York.

1816. April 29th. _George F. Randolph_, Philadelphia. _John Hastings_,
Baltimore.

1816. 6 mon 19th. _Charles Longstreth_, from Philadelphia.

1816. 6 mon 19th. _Jacob Smedley_, from Philadelphia.

1817. 7 mon. _Henry Kollock_, of Savannah, Georgia.
_Dr. Wm. Parker_, Savannah.
_G.C. Versslanchi_, of New York.

1817. 11/24. _Hannah Field_, North America, with Elizabeth Fry.

1817. 12 Mo. _G.J. Browne_, United States of America (Cincinnati).

[Illustration: [*HANDWRITING: Thy Assured Friend, Thomas Eddy*]

In 1815 Thomas Eddy, one of the Governors of the Society of the New York
Hospital, presented a communication in which he advocated the
establishment in the country of a branch for the moral treatment of the
insane. This led to the establishment of Bloomingdale Asylum.]

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 20: Bloomingdale Hospital Press.]

APPENDIX II

A LETTER ON PAUPER LUNATIC ASYLUMS[21]

The Governors of the New York Hospital, conceiving that the very
judicious remarks and sentiments contained in the following letter,
might be highly useful to the community, as well as to the institution
with which they are connected, have requested the same to be published.
The work alluded to in the letter, called, "Practical hints on the
construction and economy of Pauper Asylums," is believed to be one of
the most valuable and interesting works of the kind ever published. This
work was sent by the author to one of the Governors, and is now
deposited in the Hospital library. It is very desirable that it should
be republished in this country; but as such republication would be
expensive, on account of the few copies that would be wanted, the
Governors have directed, that if any person, or trustees of any public
institution, in any part of the United States, should be desirous of
obtaining a copy of this very valuable work, with a view to aid them in
erecting a similar Asylum, or the improvement of any already
established, that a manuscript copy shall be furnished them, upon an
application to the subscriber,

THOMAS EDDY.

New-York, 12th month, 30th, 1815.

YORK, 7mo. 17th, 1815.

To Thomas Eddy,

Our mutual friend, L. Murray, has put into my hands a letter and
pamphlet, lately received from thee, respecting the erection of an
asylum for lunatics near New-York.[22] He has wished me to make any
remarks which may occur to me on the perusal; but, having just
published a few hints on the construction and economy of Pauper Lunatic
Asylums, which contain much of the information thou requests, I shall
have but little to add. Those hints, however, relating to institutions
for the poorest class of society, must be applied with some
modifications to establishments for persons of different pervious
habits, and for whom a greater portion of attendance can be afforded.
The great objects, however, which are stated in the hints to be so
important for the comfort of lunatics, apply equally to those of all
ranks and classes.

From the sum you propose to receive from the patients, intended to
occupy the new building, I conclude you are providing for patients of
the middle ranks of life, a class hardly less to be commiserated, when
thus afflicted, than the very poorest, since the expense and difficulty
of private management, may bring to ruin a respectable family, as well
as expose it to great personal dangers. There would, I think, be
considerable objection to the accumulation of 40 patients of this class,
in three contiguous rooms, as proposed in the hints for pauper lunatics.
You purpose building for 50 patients, and as you probably intend to
accommodate both sexes, the number of each sex may be very suitable for
the accommodation of three contiguous rooms, which, of course, need not
be so large as those in the Wakefield Asylum. It would be difficult to
offer a detailed plan, without knowing more than we do of your local
circumstances, and the classes of patients you purpose to admit. I
doubt, however, whether you can do better than to adopt the general form
of the Wakefield Asylum, and as you are providing for only a small
number, it deserves consideration whether all the rooms might not be
advantageously placed on the ground floor. This plan affords great
facilities to easy inspection, and safe communication with airing
grounds, and the roof might project so far over the building, as to form
an excellent collonnade for the patients; which seems peculiarly
desirable under an American Sun.

With these views, I send a sketch drawn by the Architect whose plan is
to be adopted at Wakefield; and though it may not be, in many respects,
adapted to your particular wants, yet I hope it will not be altogether
useless. Should it be thought too expensive, I think the rooms, 1, 2,
and 3, might be dispensed with, and rooms marked "attendants, sick and
bath," might be appropriated to the patients during the day. The
attendants room is not a requisite, though it has been thought that it
would be more agreeable to patients of superior rank, not to have the
society of a servant. This, however, chiefly applies to the
convalescents, and these might occupy the room marked 'sick', whilst the
middle class, and the attendants, would be in the centre, marked
"attendants." A sick and bath room might probably be obtained in the
galleries: if you are inclined for the sake of appearance, to make the
centre building two stories high, you might bring the wings nearer to
the centre, and accommodate most of the convalescent patients with bed
rooms in the upper story. In this case, perhaps it would be desirable to
give the wings a radiating form. You will however be best able to modify
the sketch to your particular wants, if the general idea should meet
your approbation.

I observe with pleasure, that one leading feature of your new
institution, is the introduction of employment amongst the patients, an
object which I am persuaded is of the utmost importance in the moral
treatment of insanity. It is related of an institution in Spain, which
accommodated all ranks, and in which the lower class were generally
employed, that a great proportion of these recovered, whilst the number
of the Grandees was exceedingly small. It will however, require great
address to induce patients to engage in manual labour, who have not been
accustomed to it previously to their indisposition, and it must be
admitted, that where the reluctance on the part of the patient is great,
the irritation which compulsory means are likely to excite, will
probably be more injurious to the patient, than the exercise will be
beneficial. The employment of insane persons should, as far as it is
practicable, be adapted to their previous habits, inclinations and
capacities, and, though horticultural pursuits may be most desirable,
the greatest benefit will, I believe, be found to result from the
patient being engaged in that employment in which he can most easily
excel, whether it be an active or a sedentary one. If it be the latter,
of course sufficient time should be allotted to recreation in the air.
Some persons imagine, that exercises of diversion, are equally
beneficial with those that are useful. The latter appear to me to
possess a decided preference, by imparting to the mind that calm feeling
of satisfaction, which the mere arts of amusement, though not to be
neglected, can never afford. To the melancholy class, this is an
important distinction between amusing and useful employments, and labour
is to be prefered for the maniacal class as less calculated to stimulate
the already too much excited spirits.

It is proposed that the new asylum should be placed a few miles from the
city. The visitors to it, (I do not mean the medical ones) will, I
presume, be residents in New-York, and from what I have seen of the zeal
of persons under such appointments in this country, it appears
desirable, to render the performance of this duty, so important for the
welfare of asylums, as easy as it can be with propriety. One mile
perhaps would not be objectionable, and might probably afford as good
air and retirement, as a greater distance.

I need hardly say, I was much gratified to find by the pamphlet, that
the importance of moral treatment in the cure of insanity, was duly
appreciated in America. When we consider, as Lord Bacon observes,
speaking of common diseases, that "all wise physicians in the
prescription, of their regimen to their patients, do ever consider
accidentia animi, as of great force to further or hinder remedies or
recoveries;" it is difficult to account for the general neglect of moral
considerations in the treatment of deranged mind. I hope, however,
though in many instances medicine may not be employed with advantage,
and its indiscriminate use has been seriously injurious, that we shall
not abandon it as altogether useless, in what we term disease of the
mind. All the varieties, included under this general term, have been
produced by physical causes: by external accidents, by intoxication, the
improper use of medicines, repelled eruptions, obstructed secretions,
&c. In some instances, dissection has discovered, after death, the cause
of the mental affection, and though, in many instances, no physical
cause can be detected, yet, when it is considered, how limited are the
investigations of the anatomist, and that the art is so imperfect, that
diseases occasioning instant death, cannot always be discovered on the
most minute dissection, it is not unreasonable to suppose, that the body
is in all cases the true seat of the disease.

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