Object Lessons on the Human Body by Sarah F. Buckelew and Margaret W. Lewis

S >> Sarah F. Buckelew and Margaret W. Lewis >> Object Lessons on the Human Body

Pages:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6

Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
file which includes the original illustrations.
See 15435-h.htm or 15435-h.zip:
(http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/5/4/3/15435/15435-h/15435-h.htm)
or
(http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/5/4/3/15435/15435-h.zip)

Practical Work in the School Room Series. Part I

OBJECT LESSONS ON THE HUMAN BODY

A Transcript of Lessons Given in the Primary Department of School No. 49,
New York City

Pupils' Edition (Revised)

New York:
Parker P. Simmons,
Successor to
A. Lovell & Company

1904

AUTHOR'S NOTE TO THE PUPIL

This book has been prepared to help you in learning about "the house you
live in," and to teach you to take care of it, and keep it from being
destroyed by two of its greatest enemies,--Alcohol and Nicotine.

As you study its pages, be sure to find out the meaning of every word in
them which you do not understand; for, if you let your tongue say what your
mind knows nothing about, you are talking _parrot-fashion_.

And do not forget that you must pay for all the knowledge you obtain,
whether you are rich or poor. Nobody else can pay for you. You, your own
self, must _pay attention_ with your own mind, through your own eyes and
ears, _or do without knowledge_.

Be wise: gain all the knowledge you can concerning everything worth
knowing, and use it for the good of yourself and other people.

"KNOWLEDGE IS POWER."

[Illustration: A, the heart; B, the lungs; light cross lines, arteries;
heavy lines, veins.]

PART I.

FORMULA FOR INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.

1. My body is built of bones covered with flesh and skin; the blood flows
through it, all the time, from my heart. I breathe through my nose and
mouth, and take the air into my lungs.

2. The parts of my body are the head, the trunk, the limbs.

3. My head.
The crown of my head.
The back of my head.
The sides of my head.
My face.
My forehead.
My two temples.
My two eyes.
My nose.
My two cheeks.
My mouth.
My chin.
My two ears.
My neck.
My two shoulders.
My two arms.
My two hands.
My trunk.
My back.
My two sides.
My chest.
My two legs.
My two knees.
My two feet.
I am sitting erect.

* * * * *

QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.

1. Tell about your body.

2. Name the parts of the body.

3. Name the parts of the head, trunk, and limbs.

* * * * *

THE NOSE AND THE MOUTH.

Be sure to keep your mouth closed when you are not talking or singing,
especially when you are walking, running, or _asleep_. The two nostrils are
outside doors, always open to admit the air, and inside of the upper part
of the nose there are two other openings, through which it passes into the
throat. Air which goes this way is warmed, cleansed, and moistened, but
that which is breathed directly through the mouth is not so well prepared
for its work in the lungs.

Do not use your mouth as a box or a pin-cushion; the pin, or whatever yon
have put into it, may slip into your throat and cause your death.

* * * * *

QUESTIONS ON THE INTRODUCTORY LESSONS.

Of what is the body built?--"Of bones."

What covers the bones?--"Flesh."

What covers the flesh?--"Skin."

What flows through the body?--"Blood."

Where does the blood flow from?--"The heart."

When does the blood flow from the heart?--"Every time the heart beats."

Show with your hand how the heart beats.

When does the heart beat?--"All the time."

What happens when the heart stops beating?--"We die."

What do you see on the back of your hand, beneath the skin?--"Veins"

What is in the veins?--"Bad blood."

What are the veins?--"Pipes for the bad blood to pass through."

Where do the veins carry the bad blood?--"To the heart."

Where does the heart send the bad blood?--"To the lungs."

What happens to the bad blood when in the lungs?--"It is made pure."

What makes the bad blood pure?--"The air."

How does the air get into the lungs?--"Through my nose, mouth, and
windpipe."

What is breathing?--"Letting the air into and out of my lungs, through my
nose, mouth, and windpipe."

When do you breathe?--"All the time."

What do you breathe?--"Air."

What do you breaths through?--"My nose, mouth, and windpipe."

Where do you get the air?--"Everywhere."

Where do the lungs send the pure blood?--"To the heart."

Where does the heart send the pure blood?--"All through the body."

How does the heart send the pure blood through the body?--"Through pipes
called arteries."

What kind of blood passes through the arteries?--"Pure blood."

What kind of blood passes through the veins?--"Impure blood."

What carries the pure blood through the body?--"The arteries."

What carries the impure blood through the body?--"The veins."

What makes blood?--"Food and drink."

What is food?--"Anything good to eat."

What is drink?--"Anything good to drink."

Name some kinds of wholesome food.--"Meat, potatoes, oranges, apples, etc."

Name some kinds of wholesome drink.--"Water, milk, lemonade, etc."

What do you mean by wholesome food?--"Food that will make good blood."

What do you mean by wholesome drink?--"Drink that will make good blood."

What does the blood make?--"Bones, flesh, skin, hair, nails, and
cartilage."

What use is the blood to the body?--"It makes the body grow, and keeps it
alive."

Name some kinds of poisonous drinks.--"Rum, brandy, ale, cider, etc."

What do you mean by poisonous drinks?--"Drinks which hurt or poison the
body."

Why do you say that rum and the other drinks you have named are
poisonous?--"Because they do harm to every part of the body."

Which part do they hurt most?--"The head or brain."

What harm do they do to the brain?--"They make it unfit to do its work."

What work does the brain do?--"Thinking."

Then what harm do rum, brandy, wine, and these other drinks do to the
brain?--"They make it unfit to think."

What other poison do some people use?--"Tobacco."

When do children use tobacco?--"When they chew tobacco; when they smoke
cigars or cigarettes."

How much does tobacco poison hurt children?--"More than it hurts anybody
else."

In what way does it hurt children?--"It keeps children from growing fast;
from being strong and healthy; and from learning as well as they ought."

How does it do all this mischief to children?--"It poisons their lungs,
their heart and blood, and their brain."

* * * * *

PART II.

FORMULA FOR THE PARTS AND JOINTS OF THE BODY:

1. My limbs are my two arms and my two legs.

2. My arm has two parts:

my upper arm, my fore-arm;

and three joints:

my shoulder joint, my elbow joint, my wrist joint.

3. My hand is used in holding, throwing, catching, and feeling:

the palm of my hand,
the back of my hand,
my fingers,
my thumb,
my forefinger,
my middle finger,
my ring finger,
my little finger,
my knuckles,
my finger joints,
my nails,
the tips of my fingers,
the veins,
the ball of my thumb,
and the lines where the flesh is bent.

4. My leg has two parts:

my thigh, and my lower leg;

and three joints:

my hip joint, my knee joint, my ankle joint.

5. My foot is used in standing, walking, running, skating, and jumping:

my instep,
my toes,
the sole of my foot,
the ball,
the hollow,
the heel,
my toe joints,
and my toe nails, which protect my toes.

* * * * *

QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.

1. Which are your limbs?

2. Tell about your arm.

3. Tell about your hand.

4. Tell about your leg.

5. Tell about your foot.

* * * * *

[Illustration: THE ELBOW JOINT.
(A hinge joint.)]

[Illustration: THE HIP JOINT.
(A ball-and-socket joint.)]

Some joints, as those of the skull, are immovable; some, as those of the
spine, may be moved a little; and others more or less freely, as those of
the limbs. In machines, the parts which move upon each other need to be
oiled, to keep them from wearing out; but the joints of our bodies oil
themselves with a thin fluid, called _synovia_. This fluid resembles the
white of an egg, and comes from a smooth lining inside of the joints. The
ends of the bones which form joints are covered by gristle or _cartilage_,
and are fastened together by very strong, silvery white bands, called
_ligaments_. A sprain is caused by overstretching or tearing some of these
ligaments.

* * * * *

QUESTIONS ON THE LIMBS AND JOINTS OF THE BODY.

What is the trunk of your body?--"All the body but the head and limbs."

Which are your limbs?--"My two arms and my two legs."

How many limbs have you?--"Four."

How many parts has your arm?--"Two parts: my upper arm and my fore-arm."

How many parts has your leg?--"Two parts: my thigh and my lower leg."

How many joints has your arm?--"Three joints: my shoulder joint, my elbow
joint, my wrist joint."

How many joints has your leg?--"Three joints: my hip joint, my knee joint,
my ankle joint."

What are joints?--"Bending places."

How many kinds of joints have you?--"Two: hinge joints, and ball-and-socket
joints."

What kind of a joint is the shoulder joint?--"A ball-and-socket joint."

Why do you call the shoulder joint a ball-and-socket joint?--"Because at
the shoulder the arm may move in any direction."

Tell how the shoulder joint is made.--"The upper end of the bone of the
upper arm is rounded and fastened in a hollow place called a socket."

Which of the joints of the arm and hand are hinge joints?--"The elbow
joint, the wrist joint, the thumb joint, the finger joints."

Which of the joints of the leg and foot are hinge joints?--"The knee joint,
the ankle joint, the toe joint."

Which of the joints of the leg is a ball-and-socket joint?--"The hip
joint."

Where is the heel?--"At the back part of the foot."

Where is the ball of the foot?--"On the sole of the foot, behind the great
toe."

Where is the hollow of the foot?--"In the middle of the sole of the foot."

Where is the sole of the foot?--"On the bottom of the foot."

Where is the instep?--"Between the ankle joint and the toes."

Where is the lower leg?--"Between the knee joint and the ankle joint."

Where is the thigh?--"Between the hip joint and the knee joint."

Where is the upper arm?--"Between the shoulder joint and the elbow joint."

Where is the fore-arm?--"Between the elbow joint and the wrist joint."

Where are the toe joints?--"Between the parts of the toes."

Where are the finger joints?--"Between the parts of the fingers."

Where is the ankle joint?--"Between the lower leg and the foot."

Where is the knee joint?--"Between the thigh and the lower leg."

Where is the hip joint?--"Between the trunk and the thigh."

Where is the wrist joint?--"Between the fore-arm and the hand."

Where is the elbow joint?--"Between the upper arm and the fore-arm."

Where is the shoulder joint?--"Between the trunk and the upper arm."

Where are the tips of the fingers?--"At the ends of the fingers."

Where is the ball of the thumb?--"On the palm of the hand, below the
thumb."

Where is the palm of the hand?--"On the inside of the hand, between the
wrist and fingers."

* * * * *

[Illustration: THE SKELETON.]

1. The skull.

2. The spine.

3. The ribs.

4. The breastbone.

5. The shoulder blades.

6. The collar bones.

7. The bone of the upper arm.

8. The bones of the forearm.

9. The bones of the wrist.

10. The bones of the fingers.

11. The bones of the thigh.

12. The bones of the lower leg.

13. The bones of the ankle.

14. The bones of the toes.

15. The kneepan.

1. The skull.
2. The spine.
3. The ribs.
4. The breastbone.
5. The shoulder blades.
6. The collar bones.
7. The bone of the upper arm.
8. The bones of the forearm.
9. The bones of the wrist.
10. The bones of the fingers.
11. The bones of the thigh.
12. The bones of the lower leg.
13. The bones of the ankle.
14. The bones of the toes.
15. The kneepan.

* * * * *

PART III.

FORMULA FOR THE LESSON ON THE BONES OF THE BODY.

1. My bones are hard; they make my body strong. There are about two hundred
bones in my body.

2. The bones of my head are

my skull and my lower jaw;

my face has fourteen bones; my ear has four small bones; at the root of my
tongue is one bone.

3. The bones of my trunk are

my spine,
my ribs,
my breastbone,
my two shoulder blades,
and my two collar bones.

4. My upper arm has one bone; my fore-arm has two bones; my wrist has eight
bones; from my wrist to my knuckles are five bones; my thumb has two bones;
each finger has three bones, making nineteen bones in my hand.

5. My thigh has one bone; my lower leg has two bones; my knee-pan is the
cap which covers and protects my knee; in my foot, near my heel, are seven
bones; in the middle of my foot are five bones; my great toe has two bones;
each of my other toes has three bones; making twenty-six bones in my foot.

* * * * *

QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.

1. Tell about your bones.

2. Tell about the bones of the head.

3. Tell about the bones of the trunk.

4. Tell about the bones of the arm and hand, beginning with the upper arm.

5. Count the bones of the hand.

6. Tell about the bones of the leg and foot, beginning with the thigh.

* * * * *

[Illustration: FIG. A.

1, 2, 3, 4, the upper row of the bones of the wrist.

5, 6, 7, 8, the lower row of the bones of the wrist.

9, 10, the lower ends of the bones of the fore-arm.

11, 12, 13, 14, 15, the upper ends of the bones of the palm of the hand.

The bones of the wrist are so firmly fastened together that they are seldom
put out of place. The upper row joins with the bones of the fore-arm, the
lower with those of the palm of the hand.]

[Illustration: FIG. B.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, the bones of the palm of the hand.

6, 7, the bones of the thumb.

8, 9, 10, the bones of the first or fore-finger.

11, 12, 13, the bones of the second or middle finger.

14, 15, 16, the bones of the third or ring finger.

17, 18, 19, the bones of the fourth or little finger.]

* * * * *

QUESTIONS ON THE BONES.

How many bones in the body?--"About two hundred."

Of what use are the bones to the body?--"They make the body strong; they
form the framework of the body."

How many bones in the face?--"Fourteen."

How many bones in the ear?--"Four small bones."

How many bones at the root of the tongue?--"One."

How many bones in the upper arm?--"One."

How many bones in the fore-arm?--"Two."

How many bones between the wrist and the knuckles?--"Five."

How many bones in the thumb?--"Two."

How many bones in each of the fingers?--"Three."

How many bones in the whole hand?--"Nineteen."

How many bones in the hand and arm?--"Thirty."

How many bones in the thigh?--"One long bone."

How many bones in the lower leg?--"Two."

How many bones in the heel?--"Seven."

How many bones in the middle of the foot?--"Five."

How many bones in the great toe?--"Two."

How many bones in each of the other toes?--"Three."

How many bones in the whole foot?--"Twenty-six."

How many bones in the foot and leg?--"Thirty."

How many bones in two arms and two hands?--"Sixty."

How many bones in two legs and two feet?--"Sixty."

How many bones in the limbs?--"One hundred and twenty."

Where is the knee-pan?--"Over the knee joint."

Where is the longest bone of the body?--"In the thigh."

Where are the smallest bones of the body?--"In the ear."

Point to the collar bones.

Point to the shoulder blades.

How many collar bones have you?--"Two."

How many shoulder blades have you?--"Two."

Point to the spine.

Point to the breastbone.

Point to the skull.

* * * * *

EXERCISE FOR COUNTING THE BONES OF THE HAND.

FOR PRIMARY CLASSES.

I.

1. Close both hands.

2. Raise the forefinger of the right hand, as the index or pointing finger.

3. Place the index finger upon the lower thumb joint of the left hand.

4. Draw the index finger down to the wrist, over the bone between the thumb
knuckle and the wrist, and count "One."

5. Place the index finger on the knuckle of the first finger.

6. Draw the index finger down to the wrist, over the bone leading from the
first finger to the wrist, and count "Two."

7. So on, for each of the three other bones of the hand. Repeat until no
mistake is made in touching or counting.

II.

1. Raise the thumb, and place the index finger of the right hand on the
middle of the upper part of the thumb for bone "Six"; then

2. On the lower part of the thumb for bone "Seven." Repeat from the
beginning, until the children can touch and count each bone properly.

III.

1. Keep the thumb erect; raise the first finger of the left hand.

2. Place the index finger on the bone between the tip and the first joint
of the first finger for bone "Eight."

3. Between the first and middle joint for bone "Nine."

4. Between the middle and third joint for bone "Ten." Review, from the
beginning, until the class can touch and count every bone as directed.

IV.

1. Keep the thumb and forefinger erect; raise the second finger and touch,
as in the lesson on the first finger bones, "Eleven," "Twelve," and
"Thirteen." Review.

2. Proceed in the same manner for the third and fourth fingers, always
beginning with the bone nearest the tip of the finger, and touching that at
the lowest part last.

If the exercise has been properly performed, every child will say
"Nineteen" as its index finger touches the lowest bone of the little
finger, and all the fingers of every left hand will be outspread.

* * * * *

THE BONES

OF THE HEAD:
Skull 8
Face, including the lower jaw 14
Tongue 1
Ears 8
----
31
OF THE TRUNK:
Spine 24
Ribs 24
Breastbone 8
Shoulder blades 2
Collar bones 2
----
60
OF THE UPPER LIMBS:
Upper arms 1 x 2 = 2
Fore-arms 2 x 2 = 4
Wrists 8 x 2 = 16
Hands 19 x 2 = 38
----
60
OF THE LOWER LIMBS:
Thighs 1 x 2 = 2
Knee-pans 1 x 2 = 2
Lower legs 2 x 2 = 4
Feet 26 x 2 = 52
----
60

Total, 211, not including the teeth.[1]

We teach the children to say "about two hundred," because there is not
always the same number of bones in the body. In some parts two or three
bones unite and form one bone. For example: the breastbone of a child is
made up of eight pieces; some of these unite as it becomes older, so that
when fully grown it has but three pieces in this bone.

[1] The teeth are not bone, but a kind of soft, bone-like substance, called
_dentine_. Common ivory is dentine.

* * * * *

PART IV.

FORMULAS FOR THE LESSONS ON THE ORGANS OF SENSE.

1. _The Eyes._--My eyes are to see with.

My eye is like a ball in a deep, bony socket. The black circle in the
centre is the pupil or window of my eye; the colored ring is the iris or
curtain; the white part is the eyeball.

My upper and lower eyelids cover and protect my eyes.

My eyebrows are for beauty, and keep the perspiration from rolling into my
eyes.

My eyes are washed by teardrops every time I wink my eyelids.

2. _The Ears._--My ears are to hear with:

the rim of my ear,
the flap of my ear,
the drum of my ear.

The drum of my ear is protected by a fence of short, stiff hairs, and by a
bitter wax about the roots of these hairs.

3. _The Nose._--My nose is to smell and breathe with; it is in the middle
of my face:

my two nostrils,
the bridge of my nose,
the cartilage,
the tip of my nose.

My nostrils lead to a passage back of my mouth through which I breathe.

The cartilage separates my nose into two parts.

4. _The Mouth._--My mouth is to speak, eat, and breathe through:

my upper lip,
my lower lip.

In my mouth are:

my tongue,
my lower teeth,
my upper teeth,
my lower teeth,
and my upper and lower jaws, covered with flesh called _gum_.

5. _The Teeth._--My teeth are used in eating and talking.

My teeth are made of a soft kind of bone, covered with enamel.

I have three kinds of teeth: cutting teeth, tearing teeth, grinding teeth.

A young child has twenty teeth, ten in each jaw.

A grown person has thirty-two teeth, sixteen in each jaw.

6. To preserve my teeth:

I must keep them clean.
I must not scratch the enamel.
I must not eat or drink anything very hot or very cold.
I must not use them for scissors or nut-crackers.
I must not burn them with tobacco or cigars.

7. _About Eating._--When I eat I move my lower jaw only.

My tongue brings the food between my teeth,
the cutters cut it,
the tearers tear it,
the grinders grind it,
the saliva moistens it,
and my tongue helps me to swallow it.

* * * * *

QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULAS.

1. Tell about your eyes.

2. Tell about your ears.

3. Tell about your nose.

4. Tell about your mouth.

5. Tell about your teeth.

6. What is necessary if you would preserve your teeth?

7. Tell about eating.

* * * * *

[Illustration

1, the muscle which raises the upper eyelid.
2, the upper oblique muscle.
7, the lower oblique muscle. The oblique muscles roll the eye
inward and downward.
4, 5, 6, three of the _four_ straight muscles. Two of the straight
muscles roll the eye up and down; the other two move it right and left.
3, the pulley through which the upper oblique muscle plays.]

* * * * *

QUESTIONS ON THE DESCRIPTION OF THE EYES.

Of what shape is the eye?--"It is round like a ball."

In what is it placed?--"In a deep, bony socket."

What is a socket?--"A hollow place."

Why is the eye placed in a deep, bony socket?--"To keep it from getting
hurt."

Why would not an eye shaped like a cube do for us?--"It would not look
well; it could not be rolled about."

Why would not an eye shaped like a cone or cylinder do for us?--"It could
not be rolled in every direction."

Why is the ball-shape best for the eye?--"It looks best, and may be rolled
in every direction."

What part of the eye do we see through?--"The black spot in the centre."

What is it called?--"The pupil."

What shape is the pupil?--"Round like a circle."

What color is the pupil?--"Black."

Of what use is the pupil?--"To let light into the eye; to see through."

What is around the pupil?--"A colored ring."

What is the colored ring called?--"The iris."

Of what use is the iris?--"It acts like a curtain to the eye; it lets in
and keeps out light from the pupil."

Of what shape is the iris?--"Round like a ring."

Of what color is the iris?--"Sometimes blue, sometimes brown, sometimes
gray."

Does the iris always appear the same in size?--"It does not: sometimes it
looks large, sometimes small."

When is it the largest?--"When it rolls over the pupil to keep out the
strong light."

When is it the smallest?--"When it rolls backward, to let light into the
pupil."

When is the pupil the largest?--"When we are in the dark."

When is the pupil the smallest?--"When we are in a bright light."

What color is the eyeball?--"White."

What shape is the eyeball?--"Round like a ball."

How is the eyeball held in its socket?--"By cords made of flesh."

Where are the eyebrows?--"Above the eyelids."

Of what use are the eyebrows?--"To keep the perspiration from rolling into
the eyes."

Where are the eyelids?--"Over the eyes."

Of what use are they?--"They cover the eyes and keep them from getting
hurt."

Where are the eyelashes?--"On the edges of the eyelids."

Of what use are the tears?--"They keep the eyes clean; they make the eyes
move easily in their sockets."

Where are the tears made?--"Back of the eyebrows."

When do the tears wash the eyes?--"Every time we wink our eyelids."

* * * * *

QUESTIONS ON THE EARS.

Name the parts of the ear.

Where are your ears?--"On the sides of my head."

Which is the rim of the ear?--"The edge of the ear."

Which is the flap of the ear?--"The lower part of the ear."

Where is the drum of the ear?--"Inside of the ear."

How is the drum protected?--"By stiff hairs and a bitter wax at its
entrance."

* * * * *

QUESTIONS ON THE NOSE.

Pages:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6