The Commercial Products of the Vegetable Kingdom by P. L. Simmonds

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THE COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM,

CONSIDERED IN THEIR VARIOUS USES TO MAN AND IN THEIR RELATION TO THE
ARTS AND MANUFACTURES;

FORMING A PRACTICAL TREATISE & HANDBOOK OF REFERENCE FOR THE

Colonist, Manufacturer, Merchant, and Consumer,

ON THE CULTIVATION, PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT, AND COMMERCIAL VALUE,
&c. OF THE VARIOUS SUBSTANCES OBTAINED FROM TREES AND PLANTS,

ENTERING INTO THE HUSBANDRY OF TROPICAL AND SUB-TROPICAL REGIONS, &c.

BY P.L. SIMMONDS,

HONORARY AND CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL AND
COMMERCIAL SOCIETIES OF JAMAICA, BRITISH GUIANA, ANTIGUA, BARBADOS,
KONIGSBERG, CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, NATAL, THE NEW YORK STATE SOCIETY, THE
NOVA SCOTIA CENTRAL BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, THE SOCIETIES FOR PROMOTING
AGRICULTURE IN PHILADELPHIA AND NEW ORLEANS; ONE OF THE EDITORS OF
"JOHNSON'S FARMER'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA;" MANY YEARS EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR OF
THE "COLONIAL MAGAZINE," &c. &c.

MDCCCLIV.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

African Steam Ship Company, 3, Mincing Lane
Archbell, J., Esq., Pietermaritzburg, Natal
Assam Company, 30, Great Winchester-street
Aubert, Honourable J.M.A., M.C., St. Lucia

Botanical Society (the Royal), Regent's Park
Burton, C.H., Esq., 133, Fenchurch-street
Boddington, Messrs. & Co., 9, St. Helen's Place
Bristol Chamber of Commerce, Bristol
Brown, Messrs. & Co., 4, Pancras Lane
Begg, Thomas, Esq., 3, Corbett Court, Gracechurch-street
Bow, J.B. De., Editor of Commercial Review, New Orleans
Breede, L. Von, Esq., Natal
Breen, H.H., Esq., St. Lucia
Barbados General Agricultural Society
British Guiana Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society
Browne, Hunter & Co., Messrs., Liverpool
Bagshaw, John, Esq., M.P., Cliff House, Harwich
Berry, Richard L., Esq., Chagford, Devonshire
Blyth, Messrs., J. & A., Steam Engine House, Limehouse
Blyth, Philip P., Esq., 23, Upper Wimpole Street
Brown, Messrs. Robert & Co., 25, Lawrence Pountney Lane

Carmichael, Sir James, Bart., Sussex Gardens
Christopher, J.S., Esq., 26, Coleman-street
Challis, Alderman, 32, Wilson Street, Finsbury
Childs, R.W., Esq., 26, Coleman Street
Cape of Good Hope Agricultural Society
Campbell, C.T., Graham's Town, Cape of Good Hope (3 copies)
Central Board of Agriculture, Halifax, Nova Scotia (5 copies)
Crum, H.E., Esq., (Messrs. J. Ewing & Co's.,) Glasgow
Clegg, T., Esq., Manchester
Carleton, Percival A., Esq., Stipendiary Magistrate, Bahamas

Davis, Messrs. T.E. & W.W., manufacturers, 159 and 160, Whitechapel Road
Dinneford, Messrs. & Co, 172, New Bond-street
Denoon, Messrs. D. & Co., 6, Adam's Court, Old Broad-st.
Decasseres, Phineas, Esq., Falmouth, Jamaica
Dod, Francis, Esq., Savanna le Mar, Jamaica
Duke, Sir James, M.P., Portland Place
Dunbar, Messrs. D., & Sons, 95, Fore-street, Limehouse
Dennistoun, Messrs. J. & A., Glasgow
Drysdale, Hon. J.V., Colonial Secretary, St. Lucia
Drumm, Mr. W., Chemist, Barbados (12 copies)

Ede, Francis, Esq., Great Winchester-street
Ede, Limbrey, Esq., merchant, Winchester-street
Edmonds, E., junr., Esq., Bilcomb Brook, Bradford, Wilts
Evett, Thomas, Esq., Trelawney, Jamaica

Forbes, Dr., F.R.S., Burlington-street
Fielden, J. Leyland, Esq., Feniscowles, Blackburn
Fox, Mr. C., Paternoster Row
Foster, T.C., Esq., Natal
Framgee, Neeswanjee & Co., Bombay
Forman, Mr. R.B., 14, Mincing Lane
Franks & Co., Messrs., 36, Fenchurch-street

Grey, The Right Honourable Earl
Grassett, Elliot, Esq., 6, Chesham-street, Belgrave Square
Gray, Messrs. B.C.T. & Co., Great St. Helen's
Gray & Co., Messrs., Commercial Chambers, Mincing Lane
Glasgow, Messrs. Alexander & Co., Glasgow
Glasgow Chamber of Commerce and Manufactures

Harker, George, Esq., 102 and 103, Upper Thames-street
Henry, J.G., Esq., Bicknollon House, Williton, Somerset
Holloway, Thomas, Esq., 244, Strand
Hanbury, Daniel, Esq, 2, Plough Court
Howard, Messrs. James & Frederick, Bedford
Haywood, James, Esq., Birmingham
Henley, The Right Honourable J.W., M.P.
Humphreys, E.R., L.L.D., Cheltenham School
Haynes, Robert, Esq., Thimbleby Lodge, Northallerton
Howson, Rev. J.S., M.A., Principal of Liverpool Collegiate School
Howard, W.M., Esq., Barbados
Hitchins, Richard, Esq., Kingston, Jamaica
Hamilton, William, Esq., 29, St. Vincent Place, Glasgow
Hodge, Honorable Langford L., Antigua

Ifill, Benjamin, Esq., 86, Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park Gardens
Innes, J., Esq., Moorgate-street
Isle of Thanet Agricultural Association, Ramsgate

Jamaica Association, 1, New Square, Lincoln's Inn
Jamaica Royal Agricultural Society
Jennings, J.H., Esq., Stipendiary Magistrate, St. Lucia
Jung & Burgtheel, Messrs., 2, Winchester Buildings
Johnson, C.W., Esq., F.R.S., Croydon

Keane, Charles C., Esq., Bermuda
Keating, Thomas, Esq., St. Paul's Churchyard
Keeling & Hunt, Messrs., Monument Yard

Laird, J.M., Esq., African Steam Ship Co., Mincing Lane
Laurie, W.C., Esq. 6, Great Winchester-street
Lane, Crawford & Co., Messrs., Hong Kong (12 copies)
Lee, D. McPhee, Esq., Bermuda
Livesay, Drs., R.N., 35, Nelson Square
Lloyd, B.S., Esq., Birchin Lane
Liverpool, Library of Collegiate Institution
Lawton, Isaac, Esq., Kingston, Jamaica (2 copies)
Lyons, George, Esq., Falmouth, Jamaica (2 copies)
Lawrence & Co., Messrs., Madras (3 copies)
Losack, F.C., Esq., Trelawney, Jamaica
Lord Mayor, The Right Honourable, Mansion House

Molesworth, The Right Honourable Sir William, Bart., M.P., Eaton Square
McCulloch, J.R., Esq., Her Majesty's Stationery Office
Morewood, Edward Esq., Compensation, Natal
Morewood, J.J., Esq., 1, Winchester Buildings
Martin, R. Montgomery, Esq., 21, Victoria Road, Kensington
McHenry, George, M.D., 12, Danzie Street, Liverpool
Masterman, John, Esq., M.P., Nicholas Lane, City
Mayers, J.P. Esq., Staplegrove, Barbados
Mouat, Richard, Esq., R.N., H.M. Dockyard, Port Royal, Jamaica
McHugh, R.G., Esq., St. Lucia
Marryatt, Charles, Esq., Laurence Pountney Lane
Mason, J.P. and Co., 18, Mincing Lane
Mosely, Mr. E.N., Nassau, Bahamas.
Michelli, Mr. F., Gould Square

Nesbit, J.C. Esq., F.G.S., Scientific School, Kennington Lane
Newdegate, C.N., Esq., M.P., Blackheath
Natal Agricultural and Horticultural Society
Newcastle, his Grace the Duke of, (2 copies)
New York State Agricultural Society, Albany
Noble, Messrs. G. & J.A., 11, George Yard, Lombard Street,

Pakington, Right Hon. Sir John S., M.P.
Poole, David, Esq., Analytical Chemist, 18, Jubilee Street, Mile End Road.
Poole, Braithwaite, Esq., London and North Western Railway, Liverpool.
Pitts and Gavin, Messrs., Kandy, Ceylon.
Porteous, The Honorable James, Jamaica.
Prescott, George W., Esq., 62, Threadneedle Street

Rowland, Messrs. Alex. and Sons, 20, Hatton Garden (3 copies)
Ransomes and Sims, Messrs., Implement Makers, Ipswich (2 copies)
Rolph, Thomas, Esq., M.D., Portsmouth.
Richardson, Robert, Esq., 3, Jermyn Street, St. James's
Richardson, Mr. J.M., Cornhill
Rowe, Sir Joshua, Chief Justice of Jamaica
Roberts, Charles, Esq., 38, Mincing Lane
Russell, Graham, Esq., 63, Miller Street, Glasgow
Rothschild, Baron, Lionel De, M.P., New Court, Swithin's Lane

Sampson, M.B., Esq., City Editor of the _Times_, Lombard Street
Saunders, Trelawney W., Esq., F.R.G.S., 6, Charing Cross
Staunton, Sir George Thomas, Bart., M.P., F.B.S., Hants
Strousberg, B.H., Esq., F.R.G.S., Editor of "The Merchant's Magazine."
Straube, Dr., 36, Moorgate Street
Stewart, Charles, Esq., 4, Adam's Court, Old Bond-street (2 copies)
Schomburgk, Sir R.H., British Consul, St. Domingo
Sewell, William, Esq., St. James's, Jamaica
Stephenson, R. Macdonald, Esq., East India Railway, Calcutta
Simmonds, Richard, Esq., R.N., Admiralty, Somerset House
Simmonds, J.G., Esq., R.N., H.M.S. _Crane_, West Coast of Africa
Simeon, Hardy and Sons, Messrs., Cork
Samuelson, B., Esq., Britannia Iron Works, Banbury
Stanford, Mr., 6, Charing Cross

Trade, The Honorable the Board of
Tennent, Sir J. Emerson, M.P.
Travers, Messrs., and Co., 19, St. Swithin's Lane
Thibou, James B., Esq., Antigua
Tollemache, Honorable F., Hillmagham Hall, Ipswich
Thornton, Edward, Esq., Statistical Department, East India House

Weeding, Thomas, Esq., 6, Great Winchester Street (2 copies)
Weguelin, T.M., Esq., 7, Austin Friars
Wyld, James, Esq, Great Globe, Leicester Square
Westgarth, Ross and Co., Messrs., Melbourne, Port Philip
Wortley, S.S., Esq., Cumberland Pen, Spanish Town, Jamaica
Wray, Leonard, Esq., Natal
Wells, Charles, Esq., Grenada
Woodifield, R.D., Esq., Custom House
Woods, R.C., Esq., Straits Times, Singapore (20 copies)
Wilson, Mr. Effingham, Royal Exchange Buildings (2 copies)

Yeatman, Rev. H.F., L.L.B., Stockhouse, near Sherborne
Young, Bryan, T., Esq., Barbados

WORKS CONSULTED.

SIMMONDS'S COLONIAL MAGAZINE, 15 vols.

PORTER'S TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

PAXTON'S BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

LAWSON'S MERCHANT'S MAGAZINE, 2 vols.

PROFESSOR ROYLE, on the Productive Resources of India.

CRAWFORD'S HISTORY OF THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO, 3 vols.

LOGAN'S JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO, 3 vols.

REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS CONNECTED WITH THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE EAST INDIA
COMPANY, in regard to the Cultivation and Manufacture of Cotton, Wool,
Raw Silk, and Indigo in India.

JOURNAL OF THE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA.

MILBURN'S ORIENTAL COMMERCE.

URE'S DICTIONARY OF ARTS AND MANUFACTURES, AND SUPPLEMENTS.

CHASE'S HISTORY OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.

PROFESSOR BALFOUR'S MANUAL OF BOTANY.

DUPON'S TRAVELS IN SOUTH AMERICA, 2 vols.

COUNT DANDOLO on the art of Rearing Silk Worms.

JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS OF THE NEW YORK STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, 7
vols.

PRIDHAM'S HISTORY OF CEYLON AND ITS DEPENDENCIES, 2 vols.

PRIDHAM'S HISTORY OF THE MAURITIUS.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF JAMAICA, 5 vols.

THE BARBADOS AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY'S REPORTER, 2 vols.

LOW'S DISSERTATION ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.

M'CULLOCH'S COMMERCIAL DICTIONARY, last Edition and Supplements.

HUNT'S NEW YORK MERCHANT'S MAGAZINE, 27 vols.

DE BOW'S COMMERCIAL REVIEW, New Orleans, 6 vols.

RENNY'S HISTORY OF JAMAICA.

SCHOMBURGK'S HISTORY OF BARBADOS.

BREEN'S HISTORY OF ST. LUCIA.

CAPTAIN BEEVER'S AFRICAN MEMORANDA.

PERREIRA'S ELEMENTS OF MATERIA MEDICA.

SPRY'S PLANTS, &c., required for India.

HOOPER'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY.

PERLEY'S REPORTS ON THE FOREST TREES AND FISHERIES OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

ESSAYS ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE TEA PLANT IN THE UNITED STATES, by
Junius Smith, L.L.D.

THE MAHOGANY TREE, its Range, &c.

THE STATES OF CENTRAL AMERICA, by John Bailey, R.M.

THE INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES OF NOVA SCOTIA, by A Gesner.

REPORTS ON THE PAST AND PRESENT STATE OF H.M.'s COLONIAL POSSESSIONS,
for the years 1849-50.

POOLE'S STATISTICS OF COMMERCE.

PATENT OFFICE REPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1849-50.

DE BOW'S INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES OF THE SOUTHERN AND WESTERN STATES OF
AMERICA, 4 vols.

OFFICIAL AND DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION; Part
1.--RAW MATERIALS.

DR. O'SHAUGHNESSY'S BENGAL DISPENSATORY.

ARCHER'S ECONOMIC BOTANY.

A FEW WORDS ON THE TEA DUTIES, by J. Ingram Travers.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE VEGETABLE PRODUCTS OF CEYLON.

GENERAL STATISTICS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE, by James McQueen.

A HISTORY OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM, by W. Rhind.

THE STATISTICAL COMPANION, by Banfield and Weld.

FORTUNE'S TRAVELS IN CHINA.

BALL ON TEA CULTURE.

PROFESSOR ROYLE ON COTTON.

LECTURES ON THE RESULTS OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION, delivered before the
Society of Arts, 2 vols.

JOHNSON'S FARMER'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA.

A DISSERTATION UPON TEA, by Thomas Short, M.D.; 1753.

PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS ON TRADE AND NAVIGATION.

THE HONG KONG ALMANAC AND DIRECTORY.

JAMAICA ALMANACS, &c.

KEEFER'S PRIZE ESSAY ON THE CANALS OF CANADA, 1850.

COLMAN'S CONTINENTAL AGRICULTURE, 1848.

CUBA IN 1851, by Alexander Jones.

MARTIN, on China.

CEYLON ALMANACS.

EARL'S ENTERPRISE IN TROPICAL AUSTRALIA.

CUNNINGHAM'S HINTS FOR AUSTRALIAN EMIGRANTS.

DR. TURNBULL'S CUBA, with Notes of Porto Rico.

LT. MOODIE'S TEN YEARS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 2 vols.

FARMER'S MAGAZINE, 20 vols.

ROBERTSON'S LETTERS ON SOUTH AMERICA, 3 vols.

STEVENSON'S TWENTY YEARS RESIDENCE IN SOUTH AMERICA, 3 vols.

JOURNALS OF THE STATISTICAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON AND PARIS.

PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL, 10 vols.

THE LEADING AGRICULTURAL PERIODICALS OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE
COLONIES.

BALANZA GENERAL DE COMERCIO OF CUBA.

KNIGHT'S CYCLOPAEDIA OF THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS.

PREFACE.

The objects and purposes of the following Work are fully set forth in
the introductory chapter; but I may be permitted to remark here, that
its compilation and arrangement have occupied a very large share of my
time and attention, and I can therefore assert with confidence, that
it will be found the most full and complete book of the kind that has
ever yet appeared. It is not a mere condensation from Encyclopaedias,
Commercial Dictionaries, and Parliamentary and Consular Reports; but
is the fruit of my own Colonial experience as a practical planter and
of much laborious research and studious investigation into a class of
ephemeral but useful publications, which seldom meet with any extended
or enduring circulation--assisted, moreover, by the contributions and
suggestions of many of the most eminent agricultural chemists,
planters, and merchants of our Colonial Possessions and Foreign
Countries.

Few are aware of the great labor and research required for digesting
and arranging conflicting accounts--for consulting the numerous
detached papers and foreign works treating of the subjects embraced in
this volume, and for referring to the home and colonial trade
circulars, Legislative papers, and scientific periodicals of different
countries. The harassing duties appertaining to the position of City
editor of a daily paper, coupled with numerous other literary
engagements, have afforded me insufficient time to do full justice to
the work while passing through the press; and several literal
typographical errors in the botanical names have, I find, escaped my
attention in the revision of the sheets. I have, however, thought it
scarcely necessary to make a list of errata for these. From want of
leisure, to reduce all the weights and measures named in the body of
the work into English, I have given their relative value in the Index.
I have taken considerable pains to make the Index most full and
complete, for it has always appeared to me, that in works embracing a
great variety of subjects, facility of reference is of paramount
importance.

Some discrepancy may here and there be found between the figures
quoted from Parliamentary returns and those derived from private trade
circulars; but the statistics are accurate enough for approximate
calculations.

Whilst the work has been passing through the press, several important
modifications and alterations have been made in our Tariff.

I have throughout found great difficulty in obtaining commercial
information from the various Colonial brokers and importers of the
City, who, with but few exceptions, have been stupidly jealous of any
publicity respecting the staples in the sale of which they were
specially interested. The greatest fear was expressed lest any details
as to the sources of supply, stocks on hand, and cost prices of many
of the minor articles, should transpire. After the results of the
Great Exhibition, the exertions making to establish Trade Museums, and
the prospect of information to be furnished at the new Crystal Palace,
this narrow-minded and selfish feeling seems singularly misplaced.

I had not originally contemplated touching upon the grain crops and
food plants of temperate regions; but the prospect of a failure in our
harvest, the disturbed state of political affairs on the Continent,
with short supplies from Russia and the Danubian provinces, and the
absence of any reliable statistics and information for convenient
reference on this all-important subject, added to the recommendations
of one or two well-informed correspondents, induced me to go more into
detail on the Food-plants and Breadstuffs than I had at first
intended, and to treat very fully upon Wheat, Barley, Potatoes, and
other subsidiary food crops. This has trenched somewhat largely on my
space; and although the volume has been swelled to an unexpected size,
I am reluctantly compelled to omit some few Sections, such as those
treating of elastic and other Gums, Resins, &c.; on tropical Fruits;
and on textile substances and products available for cordage and
clothing. The latter section, which includes Cotton, Flax, Jute, &c.,
and embraces a wide and important range of plants, I propose issuing
in a separate volume at an early date, with a large fund of
statistical and general information.

Among those gentlemen to whom I acknowledge myself most indebted for
valuable suggestions or important information, are my friends Sir R.H.
Schomburgk, British Consul at St. Domingo, and Mr. R. Montgomery
Martin, the well-known Statist and Colonial Historian; Mr. R.D.
Wodifield, Deputy Inspector of Imports at the port of London; Mr.
Leonard Wray, of Natal, author of "The Practical Sugar Planter;" Dr.
W. Hamilton, of Plymouth, a talented and frequent contributor to the
scientific periodicals of the day; Mr. T.C. Archer, of Liverpool,
author of "Economic Botany;" Mr. Greene, of the firm of Blyth,
Brothers, and Greene; Mr. J.S. Christopher, author of several works on
the Cape Colony, and Natal; Mr. B.H. Strousberg, editor of "The
Merchant's Magazine," and Mr. G.W. Johnson, the eminent agricultural
writer, author of various elaborate "Essays on the Agriculture of
Hindostan," which were written for my "Colonial Magazine."

P.L. SIMMONDS.

5, BARGE YARD, BUCKLERSBURY,
December, 1853.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER

Objects of the work.

Prof. Solly on the demand for a practical book on raw
materials.

Objects of the Society of Arts and Great Exhibition.

Necessity for an attention to the culture of the minor
staples of the soil.

New objects of industry worthy the attention of
Science.

Principal part of our homeward commerce composed of raw
materials from the Vegetable Kingdom.

Mutual dependence of countries on Commerce for the
supply of their wants.

System of arrangement of subjects adopted by the
author.

Many articles of commerce omitted for want of space.

Those of tropical and sub-tropical regions chiefly
discussed.

Hints for the cultivator. Division of zones, and
countries lying within each, with their range of
temperature.

Table of climate; duration and production of the
principal cultivated plants.

SECTION I.--DRIED LEAVES, SEEDS, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES USED IN
THE PREPARATION OF POPULAR DIETETIC BEVERAGES

_Cacao_ or _Cocoa_.

Varieties and description of the tree.

Mode of cultivation in the Colombian Republics.

Enemies of the tree.

Expenses of a plantation in Jamaica.

Cultivation in Trinidad and St. Lucia.

Statistics and consumption.

_Coffee_.

Home consumption and revenue of coffee.

Chicory largely substituted for; history of the fiscal
changes.

Continental demand.

Present produce and consumption in various countries.

Cultivation in Mocha.

Cultivation in India; in Ceylon.

Exports from that island.

Manures suitable for the tree.

Peeling, pulping, and winnowing.

Improved machinery.

New use for coffee leaves.

Culture in Java.

Production of America and the West Indies; Venezuela.

Statistics of the Brazils.

Shipments of various countries to the United States.

Comparative consumption by different nations.

Cultivation in Jamaica; Trinidad; British Guiana; Cuba;
decline of production in this island.

Statistics of exports.

Preparation of coffee leaves for infusion according to
Dr. Gardner's patent.

Dr. Hooker's opinion thereon.

_Tea_.

Immense consumption of.

Liebig's analysis of.

Varieties of the plant.

Imports of tea for a series of years.

Alterations in the duties.

Statistics of import and consumption, revenue and
prices.

Value and extent of the tea exported from China; first
cost at the ports; enormous prices paid for superior
teas.

Total outlay for tea.

Consumption of tea in China.

Export to various countries.

Total production.

Consumption per head in England; not properly within
the reach of the poorer classes.

China could furnish any quantity.

Mr. Travers on the tea duties.

Brick tea of Thibet.

Tea annually imported into the United States;
proportion of green to black.

Range of the plant.

Countries in which its culture has been attempted.

Its progress in America.

The Assam Company and its plantations.

Extension of tea culture by the East India Co.

Mr. Fortune's travels in the tea districts of China.

Instructions and details as to soil, management and
manufacture, by Dr. Jameson and Mr. Fortune.

Dr. Campbell's notes.

Mr. A. Macfarlane's Report.

The East India tea plantations in the North-West
Provinces.

Experimental cultivation of the tea plant in Brazil; M.
Geullemin's report thereon.

Paraguay Tea: Mr. Robertson's description of the
collection and manufacture.

_Sugar_.

Plants from which it is usually obtained.

The sugar cane; its range of cultivation.

Production in our colonies.

Consumption in the last ten years.

Improvements in sugar machinery and manufacture.

Quantity of cane sugar annually produced and sent into
the markets.

Local consumption in India.

Present European supply; demand according to the
consumption in England.

Estimated annual production throughout the world.

Consumption in the principal European countries.

Average annual consumption in the United Kingdom.

Comparative amount of beet-root and cane sugar produced
in the last four years. _Gazette_ prices of sugar
in the last ten years.

Production of sugar in the United States.

Production in Cuba.

Production in the British West Indies.

Production in Mauritius.

Statistics of imports from the Mauritius.

Production in the British East Indies.

Production in Java.

Production in the Philippines.

Chemical distinction between cane and grape sugar.
Varieties of the sugar cane cultivated.

Possibility of raising the cane from seed.

Analysis of the cane, and of a sugar soil.

Chemical examination of cane juice.

Vacuum pans.

Boiling and tempering.

Composition of cane juice.

Ramos's prepared plantain juice.

Professor Fownes on the manufacture of sugar.
Expression of cane juice.

Construction of the sugar mill.

Quantity of juice obtained by each kind of mill.

Position of rollers.

Mode of culture and varieties in the East Indies.

Soils considered best adapted for its luxuriant growth.

Manures.

Sets and planting.

Aftergrowth.

Harvesting.

Injuries, from seasons, storms, insects, &c.

Mode of cultivation in the Brazils; in Natal; expenses.

Comparison between the cost of production in Mauritius
and Natal.

Comparative cost in free and slave countries.

Beet-root sugar: variety cultivated; mode of expression
and manufacture; yield of sugar; estimated profit;
extensive production in France; production in the
German States.

Statistics of the Prussian Provinces of Saxony; Russia,
Belgium and Austria.

A Visitor's account of the French manufactories.

Mr. Colman's opinion.

Proportion of sugar in the beet.

Maple Sugar: description of the tree; its production
limited to America; extent of the manufacture in Canada
and the United States; processes employed; statistics
of production.

Maize Sugar.

SECTION II.--THE GRAIN CROPS, EDIBLE ROOTS AND FARINACEOUS
PLANTS, FORMING THE BREADSTUFFS OF COMMERCE

Statistics of _Wheat Culture_.

Exports of flour from the United States.

Adaptation of the soil and climate of the United States
to the culture of the cereals.

Export of sophisticated (damaged) flour. Kiln drying of
bread stuffs and exclusion of air. Value of the "whole
meal" of wheat as compared with that of the fine flour.
Nutritious properties of various articles of food.

Composition of wheat and wheat-flour, and the modes of
determining their nutritive value.

Rotation of crops in connexion with wheat culture.

Production and consumption of the United Kingdom.

Statistics of other countries.

Barley, Oats, Rye, Buckwheat, Maize: Indian corn and
meal imported.

Crop and exports of United States.

System of culture.

Rice: Statistics of production and culture in Carolina.

The Bhull rice lands of Lower Scinde.

Rice in Kashmir; exports from Arracan.

Millet.

Broom Corn.

Chenopodium Quinoa.

Fundi or Fundungi.

Pulse.

The Sago Palms.

Manufacture and extent of the trade in Singapore.