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Nitro Explosives: A Practical Treatise by P. Gerald Sanford

P >> P. Gerald Sanford >> Nitro Explosives: A Practical Treatise




~Hercules Powders.~

Nitro-Glycerine 75 to 40 per cent.
Sugar 1 " 15.66 "
Chlorate of Potash 1.05 " 3.34 "
Nitrate of Potash 2.10 " 31.00 "
Carbonate of Magnesia 20.85 " 10.00 "

~Carbo-Dynamite.~

Nitro-Glycerine 90 per cent.
Charcoal 10 "

~Geloxite (Permitted List).~

Nitro-Glycerine 64-54 parts.
Nitro-Cotton 5-4 "
Nitrate of Potash 22-13 "
Ammonium Oxalate 15-12 "
Red Ochre 1-0 "
Wood Meal 7-4 "

The Wood Meal to contain not more than 15% and not less than 5% moisture.

~Giant Powder.~

Nitro-Glycerine 40 per cent.
Sodium Nitrate 40 "
Rosin 6 "
Sulphur 6 "
Guhr 8 "

~Dynamite de Trauzel.~

Nitro-Glycerine 75 parts.
Gun-Cotton 25 "
Charcoal 2 "

~Rhenish Dynamite.~

Solution of N.G. in Naphthalene 75 per cent.
Chalk, or Barium Sulphate 2 "
Kieselguhr 23 "

~Ammonia Dynamite.~

Ammonia Nitrate 75 parts.
Paraffin 4 "
Charcoal 3 "
Nitro-Glycerine 18 "

~Blasting Gelatine.~

Nitro-Glycerine 93 per cent.
Nitro-Cotton 3 to 7 "

~Gelatine Dynamite.~

Nitro-Glycerine 71 per cent.
Nitro-Cotton 6 "
Wood Pulp 5 "
Potassium Nitrate 18 "

~Gelignite.~

Nitro-Glycerine 60 to 61 per cent.
Nitro-Cotton 4 " 5 "
Wood Pulp 9 " 7 "
Potassium Nitrate 27 "

~Forcite.~

Nitro-Glycerine 49 per cent.
Nitro-Cotton 1.0 "
Sulphur 1.5 "
Tar 10.0 "
Sodium Nitrate 38.0 "
Wood Pulp 5 "
(The N.-G., &c., varies.)

~Tonite No. 1.~

Gun-Cotton 52-50 per cent.
Barium Nitrate 47-40 "

~Tonite No. 2.~

Contains Charcoal also.

~Tonite No. 3.~

Gun-Cotton 18 to 20 per cent.
Ba(NO_3)_2 70 " 67 "
Di-nitro-Benzol 11 " 13 "
Moisture 0.5 " 1 "

~Carbonite.~

Nitro-Glycerine 17.76 per cent.
Nitro-Benzene 1.70 "
Soda 0.42 "
KNO_3 34.22 "
Ba(NO_3)_2 9.71 "
Cellulose 1.55 "
Cane Sugar 34.27 "
Moisture 0.36 "
________

99.99

~Roburite.~

Ammonium Nitrate 86 per cent.
Chloro-di-nitro-Benzol 14 "

~Faversham Powder.~

Ammonium Nitrate 85 per cent.
Di-nitro-Benzol 10 "
Trench's Flame-extinguishing Compound 5 "

~Favierite No. 1.~

Ammonium Nitrate 88 per cent.
Di-nitro-Naphthalene 12 "

~Favierite No. 2.~

No. 1 Powder 90 per cent.
Ammon. Chloride 10 "

~Bellite.~

Ammonium Nitrate 5 parts.
Meta-di-nitro-Benzol 1 "

~Petrofacteur.~

Nitro-Benzene 10 per cent.
Chlorate of Potash 67 "
Nitrate of Potash 20 "
Sulphide of Antimony 3 "

~Securite.~

Mixtures of Meta-di-nitro-Benzol 26 per cent.
and Nitrate of Ammonia 74 "

~Rack-a-Rock.~

Potassium Chlorate 79 parts.
Mono-nitro-Benzene 21 "

~Oxonite.~

Nitric Acid (sp. gr. 1.5) 54 parts.
Picric Acid 46 "

~Emmensite.~

Emmens Acid 5 parts.
Ammonium Nitrate 5 "
Picric Acid 6 "

~Brugere Powder.~

Ammonium Picrate 54 per cent.
Nitrate of Potash 46 "

~Designolle's Torpedo Powders.~

Potassium Picrate 55 to 50 per cent.
Nitrate of Potash 45 " 50 "

~Stowite.~

Nitro-Glycerine 58 to 61 parts.
Nitro-Cotton 4.5 " 5 "
Potassium Nitrate 18 " 20 "
Wood Meal 6 " 7 "
Oxalate of Ammonia 11 " 15 "

The Wood Meal shall contain not more than 15% and not less than 5% by
weight of moisture. The explosive shall be used only when contained
in a non-water-proofed wrapper of parchment--No. 6 detonator.

~Faversham Powder.~

Nitrate of Ammonium 93 to 87
Tri-nitro-Toluol 11 " 9
Moisture 1 " --

~Kynite.~

Nitro-Glycerine 24-26 parts.
Wood-Pulp 2.5-3.5 "
Starch 32.5-3.5 "
Barium Nitrate 31.5-34.5 "
CaCO_{3} 0-0.5 "
Moisture 3.0-6.0 "

Must be put up only in water-proof parchment paper, and No. 6 electric
detonator used.

~Rexite.~

Nitro-Glycerine 6.5-8.5 parts.
Ammonium Nitrate 64-68 "
Sodium Nitrate 13-16 "
Tri-nitro-Tolulene 6.5-8.5 "
Wood Meal 3-5 "
Moisture .5-1.4 "

Must be contained in water-proof case (stout paper), water-proofed with
Resin and Cerasin--No. 6 detonator.

~Withnell Powder.~

Ammonium Nitrate 88-92 parts.
Tri-nitro-Toluene 4-6 "
Flour (dried at 100 deg. C.) 4-6 "
Moisture 0-15 "

Only to be used when contained in a linen paper cartridge, water-proofed
with Carnuba Wax, Parrafin--No. 7 detonator used.

~Phenix Powder.~

Nitro-Glycerine 28-31 parts.
Nitro-Cotton 0-1 "
Potassium Nitrate 30-34 "
Wood Meal 33-37 "
Moisture 2-6 "

~SMOKELESS POWDERS.~

~Cordite.~

Nitro-Glycerine 58 per cent. +or- .75
Nitro-Cotton 37 " +or- .65
Vaseline 5 " +or- .25

~Cordite, M.D.~

Nitro-Glycerine 30 per cent. +or- 1
Nitro-Cotton 65 " +or- 1
Vaseline 5 " +or- .25

Analysis of--
By W. Mancab and A.E. Leighton.

~E.C. Powder.~

Nitro-Cotton 79.0 per cent.
Potassium Nitrate 4.5 "
Barium Nitrate 7.5 "
Camphor 4.1 "
Wood Meal 3.8 "
Volatile Matter 1.1 "

~Walarode Powder.~

Nitro-Cotton 98.6 per cent.
Volatile Matter 1.4 "

~Kynoch's Smokeless.~

Nitro-Cotton 52.1 per cent.
Di-nitro-Toluene 19.5 "
Potassium Nitrate 1.4 "
Barium Nitrate 22.2 "
Wood Meal 2.7 "
Ash 0.9 "
Volatile Matter 1.2 "

~Schultze.~

Nitro-Lingin 62.1 per cent.
Potassium Nitrate 1.8 "
Barium Nitrate 26.1 "
Vaseline 4.9 "
Starch 3.5 "
Volatile Matter 1.0 "

~Imperial Schultze.~

Nitro-Lignin 80.1 per cent.
Barium Nitrate 10.2 "
Vaseline 7.9 "
Volatile Matter 1.8 "

~Cannonite.~

Nitro-Cotton 86.4 per cent.
Barium Nitrate 5.7 "
Vaseline 2.9 "
Lamp Black 1.3 "
Potassium Ferro-cyanide 2.4 "
Volatile Matter 1.3 "

~Amberite.~

Nitro-Cotton 71.0 per cent.
Potassium Nitrate 1.3 "
Barium Nitrate 18.6 "
Wood Meal 1.4 "
Vaseline 5.8 "

~Sporting Ballistite.~

Nitro-Glycerine 37.6 per cent
Nitro-Cotton 62.3 "
Volatile Matter 0.1 "

The following is a complete List of the Permitted Explosives as Defined in
the Schedules to the Explosives in Coal Mines Orders of the 20th December
1902, of the 24th December 1903, of the 5th September 1903, and 10th
December 1903:--

Albionite.
Ammonal.
Ammonite.
Amvis.
Aphosite.
Arkite.
Bellite No. 1.
Bellite No. 2.
Bobbinite.
Britonite.
Cambrite.
Carbonite.
Clydite.
Coronite.
Dahmenite A.
Dragonite.
Electronite.
Faversham Powder.
Fracturite.
Geloxite.
Haylite No. 1.
Kynite.
Negro Powder.
Nobel's Ardeer Powder.
Nobel Carbonite.
Normanite.
Pit-ite.
Roburite No. 3.
Saxonite.
Stow-ite.
Thunderite.
Victorite.
Virite.
West Falite No. 1.
West Falite No. 2.




INDEX.

Abel's, Sir Frederick, method of manufacturing gun-cotton, 57.

Abel's heat test, 249.

Acid mixture for nitrating nitro-glycerine, 23.

Air pressure in nitrator, 28.

Alkalinity in nitro-cellulose, 217.

Amberite, 189.

Ammonite, 149.

Analyses of collodion-cotton, 81.
gelatine dynamites, 123.

Analysis of explosives, 197.
acetone, 209.
blasting gelatine, 199.
cap composition, 241.
cordite, 206.
celluloid, 230.
dynamite, 197.
forcite, 202.
fulminate, 240.
glycerine, 233.
gun-cotton, 212.
nitric acid, 24.
picric acid, 230.
tonite, 205.
waste acids, 239.

Armstrong on the constitution of the fulminates, 159.

Atlas powder, 119.

Auld on acetone, 211.

Axite, 176.



Ballistite, 179.

Beater or Hollander for pulping gun-cotton, 64.

Bedson, Prof., on roburite explosion gases, 140.

Bellite, 142.

Benzene, explosives derived from, 132.

Benzene, mono-nitro- and di-nitro-benzene, 134.

Bergmann and Junk on nitro-cellulose tests, 268.

Bernthsen summary of nitro-benzenes, 133.

Blasting gelatine, 119.

Blasting charge, preparation of, 166.

B.N. powder, 190.

Boiling-point of N.G., 19.

Boutnny's nitro-glycerine process, 15.

Brown on wet gun-cotton, 56.

Brugere's powder, 195.

Bucknill's resistance coil, 13.



Calculation of volume of gas evolved in an explosive reaction, 276.

Cannonite, 189.

Cellulose, 2, 47.

Celluloid manufacture, 91.
analysis, 230.
cartridges, 91.
uses of, 90.
Field's papers on, 93.
fibre for, 94.
nitration of fibre, &c., 95.
formula of, 57.

Champion and Pellet's method of determining nitrogen, 223.

Chenel's modification of Kjeldahl's method, 227.

Collodion-cotton, 79.

Comparative tests of black and nitro-powders, 193.

Compressing gun-cotton, 77.

Composition of waste acids from nitro-glycerine, 43.

Composition of some common explosives, 290.

Conduits for nitro-glycerine, 7.

Cooppal powder, 5, 189.

Cordite manufacture, 169.
analysis, 206.

Cresilite, 158.

Cross and Bevan on nitro-jute, 107.

Crusher gauge, 284.

Cundill, Colonel, classification of dynamites, 112.



Danger area, 5.

Dangers in the manufacture of gun-cotton, 85.

Decomposition of cellulose, 54.

Definition of explosives in Order of Council (Explosives Act), 1.

Determination of N_{2}O_{4} in nitric acid, 24.

Determination of strength of H_{2}SO_{4}, 25.

Determination of relative strength of explosives, 272.

Detonators, 163.

Di-nitro-toluene, 138.

Dipping cotton in manufacture of gun-cotton, 60.

Divers and Kawakita on the fulminates, 159.

Dixon, Prof. H.B., on roburite explosions, 139.

Drying house for gun-cotton, 122.

Dynamite, efficiency of, 118.
frozen dynamite, 116.
gelatine dynamite, 119.
properties of kieselguhr dynamite, 116.
Reid & Borland's carbo-dynamite, 119.
Rhenish dynamite, 119.
various kinds of, 119.



E.C. powder, 186.

Electronite, 151.

Emmensite, 195.

Equation of formation of nitro-glycerine, 16.

Equation of formation of nitro-cellulose, 50.

Exploders, electric, 167.

Explosion gases of dynamite, 19.
nitro-glycerine, 18.
gun-cotton, 55.
roburite, 139.

Exudation test gelatines, 257.



Faversham powder, 147.

Favier's explosive, 149.

Field on celluloid, 93, 99.

Firing-point of explosives, 247.

Filite, 180.

Filtering nitre-glycerine, 37.

Flameless explosives, 89, 138, 144.

Formation of white matter in the nitration of N.G., 39.

Forcite, 119.

France, 82.

Free fatty acid in glycerine, 39, 235.

Freeing nitric acid from N_{2}O_{4}, 25.

Freezing-point of N.G., 21.

French Commission on Ammonium Nitrate, 142.

Fulminates constitution, 159.

Fulminate of mercury, 159, 240.

Fulminate of silver, 161.

Fuses, various kinds of, 166.



Gases formed by the decomposition of nitro-glycerine, 18.

Gelatine explosives, analysis of, 199.

Glycerine, analysis of, 233.
formula of, 16.
nitration of, 23.

Greiner's powder, 190.

Gun-cotton, analysis of, 212.
boiling, 64.
complete series of, 52, 54.
compressing, moulding, and packing, 67, 77, 78.
dipping and steeping the cotton, 60.
drying the cotton, 58.
granulation of, 79.
manufacture of, 57.
Abel's method, 57.
Stowmarket, 57.
Waltham Abbey, 71.
products of decomposition of, 55.
properties of, 54.
pulping, 65.
washing, 63.
as a mining explosive, 56.

Guttmann's nitric acid plant, 45.

Guttmann's heat test, 256.



Handy's method for determining moisture in dynamite, 197.

Hannah, Dr N., on roburite explosion gases, 139.

Heat developed by explosives containing nitro-glycerine, &c., 288.

Heat test, Abel, 249.

Hellhoffite, 152.

Henrite powder, 191.

Hollander, 65.

Horsley's apparatus, 248.

Hydro-extractors for wringing out gun-cotton, 62.



Impurities in commercial glycerine, 39, 233.

Impurities in fulminate, 240.
nitro-glycerine, 38.
picric acid, 231.



Ketones as solvents for pyroxyline, 101.

Kieselguhr dynamite, 112.

Kinetite, 145.

Kjeldahl method of determining nitrogen, 227.



Le Bouchet, manufacture of gun-cotton at, 78.

Lead cylinders for testing strength of explosives, 281.

Lenk's improvements in gun-cotton manufacture, 49.

Lewes on the pressure of cordite, 175.

Leibert's treatment of nitro-glycerine, 30.

Lightning conductors for danger buildings, 10.

Liquefaction test for gelatine, 257.

Lodge on lightning conductors, 8.

Lowering of freezing-point of N.G., 21.

Lunge's nitrometer, 219.

Lydite, 156.



Manufacture of gun-cotton, 57.

Manufacture of nitro-glycerine, 17.
cordite, 169.
roburite, 140.
fulminates, 162.
tonite, 84.
di-nitro-benzene, 138.
nitro-starch, 103.
celluloid, 91.

Majendie (Col. Sir V.D.), report on a picric acid explosion, 155.

Maximite, 191.

Maxim's detonator mixture, 165.

M'Robert's mixing machine, 126.

Mechanical equivalent of explosives, 273.

Melinite, 156.

Mono-nitro-glycerine, di-nitro-nitro-glycerine, 41.

Moulding gun-cotton, 77.

Mounds for protection of danger buildings, 6.

Mortar for ballistic tests, 275.

Mowbray on use of compressed air, 15.

Muehlhaeusen on nitro-starch, 4, 5, 103.



Nathan's nitrator, 32.

Nitric peroxide in N.G., 24.

Nitration products of cellulose, 52, 54.

Nitro-glycerine, analysis of, 198.
properties, 17.
nitration, 23.
separation, 35.
washing, 37.
uses of, 41.
manufacture of, 17.

Nitro-benzene, properties and manufacture of, 132, 137.

Nitro-cellulose, 2, 47, 60, 212.

Nitro-jute, 5, 107.

Nitro-mannite, 4, 109.

Nitro-naphthalene, 148.

Nitro-starch, 4, 103.

Nitro-toluene, 132.

Nitrated gun-cotton, 83.

Nitrogen, determination of, Lunge method, 219.
Champion and Pellet's, 223.
Schultze-Tieman, 224.
Kjeldahl-Chenel's, 227.
percentages of in various explosives, 228.

Nitrometers, Lunge, Horn's, &c., 220, 222.

Nobel's ballistic test, 274.

Noble's pressure gauge, 282.
experiments on cordite, 172.

Normal powder, 191.



Oleic acid in glycerine, 236.

Orsman on roburite, 142.

Oxonite, 152.

Oxy-cellulose, 102.



Packing gun-cotton, 78.
dynamite, 116.

Page's regulator, 260.

Panclastite, 152.

Percentage composition of nitro-glycerine, 18.

Perkin on magnetic rotation of nitro-glycerine, 19.

Phenol, tri-nitro-phenol, 152.

Picric acid, 152, 231.
powders, 157, 189.

Picrates, 154, 231.

Polarised light and nitro-cellulose, 218.

Position of the NO_{2} group in nitro-explosives, 2, 3, 16.

Prentice's nitric acid plant, 43.

Pressure gauge, 282.

Primers of gun-cotton, 166.

Properties of dynamite, 116.
gelatine compounds, 130.

Pulping gun-cotton, 65.

Pyroxyline for celluloid, 96.
solvents for, 101.



Quinan's foot-pound machine, 280.



Raoult's law and N.G., 21.

Reworked gun-cotton, 78.

Rhenish dynamite, 119.

Roburite, properties and manufacture of, 138.
Bedson's report on, 140.
Orsman on gases produced by explosion of, 142.

Romit, 148.



Sarrau and Vieille, gases obtained from ignition of dynamite, 19.

Sayers, 50.

Scheme for analysis of explosives, 213.

Schultze's powder, 183.

Schultze-Tieman method of determining nitrogen, 224.

Securite, 144.

Separation of nitro-glycerine from mixed acids, 35.

Shimose, 156.

Silver test for glycerine, 233.

Smokeless powders, 168.

Smokeless diamond, 190.

Snyder's powder, 193.

Sobrero discovered nitro-glycerine, 14.

Sodium nitrate, analysis of, 239.

Soluble and insoluble nitro-cellulose, 51.

Solubility of nitro-glycerine, 20.

Solvents for soluble gun-cotton, 52, 101.

Solubility test for gun-cotton, 214.

Specific gravity of explosives, 270.

Sprengel's explosives, 151.

Stowmarket, manufacture of gun-cotton at, 57.

Sulphuric acid, determination of strength of, 24.

Sy on test for nitro-cellulose, 269.



Temperature of nitration of nitro-glycerine, 29.

Thomson's patents, 73.

Toluene, 146.

Tonite, 84, 146.
analysis of, 205.
fumes from, 85.

Treatment of waste acids, 43.

Trench's fire-extinguishing compound, 88.

Trebouillet and De Besancele on celluloid manufacture, 92.

Tri-nitro-cresol, 158.

Tri-nitro-toluene, 146.

Tri-nitro-phenol, 152.

Tri-nitro-glycerine, 2, 14.

Troisdorf powder, 191, 192.

Turpin's melinite, 156.



U.S. naval powder, 180.

Uses of celluloid, 91, 93, 102.

Uses of collodion-cotton, 90.



Vaseline, 208.

Vielle poudre, 190.

Volney's powder, 148.

Von Foster's powder, 191.



Walsrode powder, 188.

W.A. powder, 182.

Waltham Abbey, manufacture of gun-cotton at, 71.
manufacture of cordite at, 169.

Walke's pressure gauge results, 289.

War Office experiments with cordite, 173.

Washing gun-cotton, 63.
nitro-glycerine, 37.

Waste acids from nitro-glycerine, 41, 226.

Weltern powder, 191.

Werner & Pfleiderer's mixing machine, 124.

Whirling out the acids from gun-cotton, 62.

Will's test for nitre-cellulose, 261.

Wood pulp, 126.



Xylonite Company's process, 96.



Zenger's lightning conductors, 11.



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A Stephen King fan has published an 80-page version of the book which novelist Jack Torrance obsessively writes during King's The Shining, where his descent into madness is revealed when his wife discovers that his work consists of just one phrase, endlessly repeated.

Torrance, played by Jack Nicholson in terrifying form in Stanley Kubrick's 1980 film, is a frustrated writer who goes with his wife and son to spend the winter in the isolated Overlook Hotel in an attempt to get the novel he has always wanted to write started. But the hotel's grisly past and unquiet ghosts have their way with him, and his wife Wendy eventually finds that the manuscript he has been working on actually only contains the phrase "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy", typed over and over again.

Now New York artist Phil Buehler, who describes himself as "a big fan of Stanley Kubrick and Stephen King", has self-published a book credited to Torrance, repeating the phrase throughout but formatting each page differently, using the words to create different shapes from zigzags to spirals.

"The idea has probably been marinating for years, because I loved the movie and the Stephen King book," said Buehler. "I'd just finished my own obsessive art project [and] it was an idea I had over the Christmas holidays."

He said he decided to stick to type and formatting that could have been created on a typewriter, with the first ten pages duplicating shots of Torrance's work from the film. "I thought 'if he continues to get crazier, what would those pages look like?'" he said. "I hit writer's block about 60 pages in, and I had to get to 80 - that went on for about a week." His fiancée, who had neither read the book nor seen the film, became a little concerned about his actions. "I finally showed her the movie, and she realised I wasn't really losing it," said Buehler.

He's included a spoof review from the blog OverThinkingIt.com on the book's back jacket, which compares it to "the best of Beckett" in its "lack of forward momentum", and considers the struggles of the author, "heroically pitting himself against the Sisyphusean sentence". "It's that metatextual struggle of Man vs. Typewriter that gives this book its spellbinding power," the review says. "Some will dismiss it as simplistic; that's like dismissing a Pollack canvas as mere splatters of paint."

So far, Buehler says that around 1,000 people have viewed the book, for sale on Blurb.com for $8.95 in paperback, or $22.95 in hardback, and he's sold "a few" copies, with sales now starting to pick up steam. "A few people have asked me to sign it - they're looking it as a piece of art rather than a funny thing to give to a Kubrick fan," he said. "If you're not a Kubrick or King fan, you might not even get it."

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