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Military Instructors Manual by James P. Cole and Oliver Schoonmaker

J >> James P. Cole and Oliver Schoonmaker >> Military Instructors Manual




D. Marching Exercises:

1. Marching in quick time, raising knees. (89.)
2. Thrusting arms sideward.

E. Jumping Exercises:

1. Standing broad jump.
2. Three successive broad jumps.

F. Double Timing:

1. Double timing. (92.)
2. Double timing, marking time in the double and forward.
3. Double timing and halting from the double.

G. Gymnastic Contests. Two of these games should be included in
each lesson. See pp. 39-40.
H. Concluding Exercises:

1. Breathing exercise, as in 12.


FOURTH LESSON.--A. Disciplinary Exercises, as in first lesson.
B. Starting Positions.
C. Setting-up Exercises:

1. Hands on shoulders, 2. Place. Extend arms forward; swing
sideward, forward, and recover. (4 motions.)
2. Hands on hips, 2. Place. Rise on toes quickly. (2 motions.)
(33.)
3. Hands on hips, 2. Place. Turn head right and left. (4
motions.) (41.)
4. Arms upward, 2. Raise. Turn trunk right and left. (4
motions.)
5. Hands on hips, 2. Place. Half bend knees, quickly. (2
motions.) (35.)
6. Arms sideward, 2. Raise. Bend trunk forward. (2 motions.)
7. Hands on shoulders, 2. Place. Move elbows forward, and
stretch backward. (2 motions.) (45.)
8. Arms upward, 2. Raise. Bend trunk sideward, right and left.
(4 motions.)
9. From Attention. Stretch, arms forward, sideward, upward,
sideward, forward, and recover. (6 motions.)
10. Arms sideward, 2. Raise. Bend trunk backward. (2 motions.)
11. Hands on hips, 2. Place. Extend legs sideward. (2 motions.)
12. Breathing Exercise: 1. Inhale, raising arms forward, upward;
exhale, lowering arms sideward.

D. Marching Exercises:

1. Marching in quick time, raising knees, and rising on toes of
other foot.
2. Raising heels.
3. Thrusting arms sideward.

E. Jumping Exercises:

1. Three successive standing broad jumps.
2. Jumping in place, raising knees.

F. Double Timing:

1. Double timing.
2. Raising heels.
3. Double timing, sideward, crossing legs.

G. Gymnastic Contests.
H. Concluding Exercises:

1. Swing arms forward, upward, relaxed.
2. Breathing exercise, as in 12.


FIFTH LESSON.--A. Disciplinary Exercises.
B. Starting Positions.
C. Setting-up Exercises:

1. Arms to thrust. Thrust arms upward; swing downward; forward;
upward, and recover. (4 motions.) (55.)
2. Hands in rear of head. Rise on toes and rock. (2 motions.)
(39.)
3. Hands on hips. Bend head forward and backward. (4 motions.)
4. Hands on shoulders. Turn trunk right and left, stretching
arms sideward. (4 motions.) (52.)
5. Full bend knees. Hands on ground between knees, squatting
position, extend right and left leg backward, alternatingly.
(4 motions.) (65.)
6. Hands on shoulders. Bend trunk forward and stretch arms
sideward. (2 motions.) (51.)
7. From Attention. Curl shoulders forward and stretch backward.
(2 motions.) (38.)
8. Hands on shoulders. Bend trunk sideward, right and left,
extending arms sideward. (4 motions.) (65.)
9. From Attention. Flex forearms vertically; extend upward; flex
and recover. (4 motions.) (54.)
10. Hands on shoulders. Bend trunk backward, stretching arms
sideward. (2 motions.) (56.)
11. From Attention. Raise arms forward and extend leg forward;
stretch arms sideward, extending leg backward; move arms and
leg to first position and recover Attention. (4 motions.)
(53.)
12. Breathing Exercise: Raise arms sideward; upward; and lower
laterally quickly. (4 motions.)

D. Marching Exercises:

1. March in quick time and swing extended leg forward, ankle
high.
2. Raising knee and hopping on other foot.
3. From arms forward. Swing arms upward.

E. Jumping Exercises:

1. Standing hop, step and jump.
2. Preliminary running broad jumps.
3. Broad jump from a walking start of four paces. (197.)

F. Double timing.

1. Double timing.
2. Double timing sideward, crossing leg in front.
3. Double timing, raising knees.

G. Gymnastic Contests.
H. Concluding Exercises:

1. Bend trunk forward and backward, relaxed.
2. Breathing exercise, as in 12.

For further work for recruits and work to be given trained soldiers,
see Special Regulation No. 23, "Field Physical Training of the
Soldier."

To prevent grumbling, keep men at work. Idle men are the ones who
growl. The French consider periods spent in the trenches as periods of
rest; instead of letting the men go on pass when relieved, they
restore discipline by close order drill.

The physical benefit is less than half of physical exercises. There
should be mental exertion in every exercise. But the most important
part is the disciplinary benefit. The exercises must teach men to jump
at commands, and by this means must make the organization a
homogeneous mass.

The principal thing in the position of attention is "chest lifted; and
arched." There should be a stretch upward at the waist. The position
should give the impression of a man as proud of himself as he can be.
This is a bluff which works, not only by making a good first
impression on others, but by causing the man himself to live up to it.

Insist on precision. Especially when men are losing interest, don't
let the work sag, but make it interesting by requiring concentration.
At the beginning of each exercise, wake the men up by calling them to
attention until they do it well, giving the facings, etc.

COMMANDS.--There is a tone at which each voice carries best. Each man
must find it for himself. To make commands understood, enunciate
carefully with lips and teeth. Sound especially first and last letters
of words. Officer's posture adds to effect of command. His personality
is impressed on his men largely by his voice. Preparatory command
should be vibrant and cheerful--not a harsh tone that grates on the
men and antagonizes them. The command of execution must be short and
sharp; drill can be made or marred by it.

MARCHING.--A cadence faster than 120 a minute adds snap to marching,
but snap can not be gained in proportion as the cadence is run up.
Snap is attained chiefly by the proper gait. Soldiers should march,
not with knees always slightly bent, but should straighten them
smartly at the end of each step. This adds drive to the step, and
gives the men confidence and a mob spirit of courage. After long drill
at attention, this spirit can be carried into extended order work.

Marching exercises are useful and can be greatly varied. The command
"Exercise" should always be given as the left foot strikes the ground.
"Exercise" is a command of execution, and the first movement should be
executed at once when it is given. The count "One" is given when this
first position is reached. The command to stop all marching exercises
is "Quick time--March."

In all exercises the instructor should cultivate the ability to pick
mistakes. He can develop this until he can watch much larger groups
than at first.


Voice Culture.

Mastery of the voice is a necessity for every officer; for without it
the giving of commands will soon make his throat look and feel like a
piece of raw Hamburg steak. Quality of voice is more effective than
quantity. Brute force may produce a roar that has tremendous volume at
a short distance; but the sound will not carry unless it is so placed
that it gets the benefit of the resonance spaces in the head. If the
tone is produced properly, so that it has the singing quality
necessary in all right commands, quantity of tone will come of itself.

This singing quality has nothing to do with music; it may be attained
by a man who can hardly distinguish a bar of music from a bar of soap.
It depends upon three principles, which are very simple in themselves
but can not be applied without careful practise. The first covers
proper use of the breath. Air must be drawn into the lungs by
expanding the diaphragm and abdomen, a process best seen in the
natural breathing of a man who is lying on his back with all muscles
relaxed. Filling the upper part of the lungs by raising the chest puts
the work on the comparatively small muscles between the ribs; but
filling the base of the lungs by pulling downward brings into play the
diaphragm, the largest muscle in the body. The sensation which
accompanies proper deep control of the breath is as if the tone were
not pushed out of the mouth, but drawn in and upwards. It is partly
described by the phrases of singing teachers, "drawn tone" and
"singing on the breath."

The diaphragm must not only relieve the muscles between the ribs, but,
still more important, the small muscles of the throat. The second
great principle of voice production is that the throat must be
perfectly relaxed. Any tension there interferes with the free
vibration which is essential for strong and resonant tone. This
relaxation is most easily gained by drawing the chin in slightly,
loosening the muscles under it. The base of the tongue can be relaxed
by rolling the letter "R," even to the extent of making two syllables
of such words as "gr-rand." Talking with the teeth closed loosely will
also help to ease incorrect, tension about the throat. If the throat
is properly relaxed, there will be no sensation in it during the
production of the voice. Any sensation between the diaphragm and the
resonance chambers of the head is a sign of wrong and harmful tension.

The use of these resonance chambers is required by the third
principle--that the tone must be reinforced by resonance in all the
hollow spaces of the head. These are found in the nose, above the
palate and even above the eyes. They have the same effect as the
sounding board of a musical instrument, in giving quality to the tone.
The best way to put this principle into practice is to learn the
sensation of the clear and ringing tone which is produced by proper
placing of the voice. Exercises containing the letters "M" and "N"
will give this effect. This does not mean that the sound should be
nasal; it should be made in the nose, but not through it. Another way
to increase resonance is to think of crying the words rather than
talking them. A slightly whining intonation or a sound like that of a
laugh has more ring to it than an ordinary flat talking tone.

These principles should not be neglected because they are simple. They
can not be mastered without work, and unless they are mastered the
voice will not be heard at a distance and will not last under the work
of giving commands. Further suggestions on the manner of giving
commands will be found under Physical Training.




CHAPTER 4.

Use of Modern Arms.

[Illustration: Plate #3]


Small Arms Firing.

Under this heading we have many phases of the training and exercises
given to our armed forces. It has been found best to use simple every
day methods to get the best results.

There are two principal factors--the rifle and the pistol. The former
only will be taken up now. The scheme is to make the soldier a good
shot singly and collectively, in time of peace and in time of war.

The course of instruction at this camp was arranged as follows:

(a) Nomenclature and care of the rifle.
(b) Sighting drills.
(c) Position and aiming drills.
(d) Deflection and aiming drills.
(e) Range practice.
(f) Estimating distance drill.
(g) Combat firing.

(a) Every man should be taught the names of the principal parts (see
cut) of the rifle and how to clean and keep it clean.

(b) If time permits, the sighting bar described on page 26, s.a.f.m.
should be used. To illustrate the normal and peep sight make a drawing
on a blackboard of page 30, s.a.f.m.

Using a sand bag or some convenient rest for the rifle. The instructor
sights it on some object showing the normal and peep sight. Using the
above rests have a marker hold a disk against a large piece of paper
towards which the rifle is pointed. There is a pin hole in the center
of the bull's eye on the disk. The range should be about 50 feet, and
the bull's eye about 1 inch in diameter. The marker moves it about
until the man sighting tells him to "hold," at which time he marks the
center with the point of a pencil. This is done three times, the three
points are then connected. The triangle thus formed is then used by
the instructor to show the man whether he took too much or too little
front sight or whether he leaned to one side or the other while
aiming.

Use for this exercise both the normal and peep sight.

To show the effect of canting the piece use a sight setting of 1,000
yards, take out the bolt, aim the rifle while lying on a sand bag at a
1-inch bull's eye 50 feet away. Then look through the bore of the
rifle and have the place where the target would be approximately hit
by a bullet marked. Cant the piece to the right and aim at the same
bull's eye. Then look through the bore of the rifle and mark the place
where the bullet would approximately strike the target. The last mark
would be lower and to the right of the first mark. It should be
readily seen that in canting the piece to the right your sight is to
the right of its original position--that is right windage. Also by
canting it to the right your elevation is lowered, that is, lessened.
Canting the piece to the left would make the bullet strike low and to
the left.

(c) Preliminary command "Position and aiming drill," command of
execution "Squad (platoon, or company) Ready." At the command "Ready"
each man faces half right and carries the right foot about 1 foot to
the right, in such a position that will insure the greatest firmness
and steadiness, raises the piece and drops it into the left hand at
the balance, left thumb along the stock, muzzle at the height of the
breast. If kneeling or sitting the position of the piece is
similar--if kneeling the left forearm rests on the left thigh--if
sitting the elbows are supported by the knees. If lying down the left
hand steadies and supports the piece at the balance, the toe of the
butt resting on the ground, the muzzle off the ground. From the
position of ready the four exercises--position, aiming, trigger
squeeze, and rapid fire--are given. These exercises given on pages
38-42, s.a.f.m. should be carefully studied. Do not leave it to the
sergeant, etc., to do--give your company your own instruction when
practicable, and in time of battle they will know you and you will
know them, and there will grow up between you that mutual
understanding which is necessary for the real success of any
undertaking. Do not forget to give these exercises in all positions of
firing, namely, standing, sitting, kneeling, and prone.

(d) A change of one point of windage at the 100 yard range will change
the point struck by the bullet of the next shot 4 inches. If right
windage is taken the bullet will strike to the right, if left windage
is taken it will strike to the left:

number of
Range. windage. direction. inches change.
100 1 point right or left 4
200 1 point right or left 8
300 1 point right or left 12
500 1 point right or left 20
600 1 point right or left 24

Remember to take windage in the direction you want the bullet to
strike.

A change of 25 yards in your sight setting raises or lowers the point
struck by the bullet of the next shot at the 100 yards range 1 inch:

Number inches
Range. Change in sight. change on target.
100 25 yards 1
200 25 yards 2
300 25 yards 3
500 25 yards 5
600 25 yards 6
300 75 yards 9
500 150 yards 30

(e) Range practice.

Target details must be thoroughly familiar with paragraphs 106-110,
s.a.f.m. Scorers must be familiar with the method of recording
scores. The following schedule is the one that was followed at this
camp:

SLOW FIRE.

=====+==========+=====+======+==========+====================+==========
Range| Time |Shots|Target| Position | Sights |Ammunition
-----|----------|-----|------|----------|--------------------|----------
100 | No limit | 15 | A | Prone | Leaf | Guard
100 | No limit | 15 | A | Kneeling | Leaf | Guard
100 | No limit | 15 | A | Standing | Leaf | Guard
200 | No limit | 15 | A | Prone | 10 leaf, 5 battles | Service
200 | No limit | 15 | A | Kneeling | 10 leaf, 5 battles | Service
300 | No limit | 15 | A | Prone | 10 leaf, 5 battles | Service
300 | No limit | 15 | A | Sitting | 10 leaf, 5 battles | Service
=====+==========+=====+======+==========+====================+==========


RAPID FIRE.

=====+=========+=====+=======+========================+======+==========
Range| Time |Shots|Target |Position |Sights|Ammunition
-----|---------|-----|-------|------------------------|------|----------
100 | 1 min | 10 | D | Prone | Leaf | Service
100 | 1 min. | 10 | H | Prone | Leaf | Service
200 | 1 min. | 10 | D | Kneeling from standing | Leaf | Service
200 | 1 min. | 10 | H | Prone from standing | Leaf | Service
300 | 1'-10" | 10 | D | Prone from standing | Leaf | Service
300 | 1'-10" | 10 | H | Prone from standing | Leaf | Service
=====+=========+=====+=======+========================+======+==========

At each range with the rapid fire 5 additional shots should be fired
with the battle sight and with half the allotted time.

(f) A course should be laid off in an open field. The base should be
marked. At least 5 natural objects whose distances are to be estimated
should be placed so that they are clearly visible from the base. The
objects should be men standing, kneeling or prone, and should be
placed from 550 to 1,200 yards from the base. Each company should be
conducted to the base and extended along it, backs towards the
objects, in single rank. Each man should have a pencil and paper. The
objects whose distances are to be estimated are pointed out by the
company commander and the men told to estimate and record their
estimates. At the conclusion of the exercise, the company commander
should read off the correct distances, and have each man figure his
per cent of error. It is important that the men know the correct
distances while the objects are still in view.

For record, paragraph 85, s.a.f.m. should be followed.

Remember that there are four principal ways to estimate distances by:
1, it cannot be more than a certain distance, and it cannot be less
than a certain distance--take the mean; 2, divide the distance into a
certain number of familiar lengths; select a halfway point, estimate
this and multiply by 2; 3, estimate the distance along a parallel
line, as a road having well defined objects; 4, take the mean of
several estimates.

(g) In combat the platoon is the fire unit. The fire of the company,
battalion or regiment is nothing more than the combined fire of all
the fire units. The enemy can be imaginary, outlined or represented.
The exercise must be conducted under an assumed tactical situation.
The commander must lead his men according to the assumptions made by
the umpire. Signals are used to indicate the enemy's actions,
strength, etc. The situation should be simple, and after the exercise
a critique should be held on the ground. Combat practice with ball
ammunition against disappearing targets, and at estimated ranges, gets
excellent results. The officer conducting the exercise will prohibit
the advance if it would be impossible were the enemy real.

Have every man play the game.

A point to be remembered is that for battle sight the sight slide must
be as far to the rear as it will go. If it is part way up the leaf,
the drift correction cut in the slot upon which it moves will throw it
to the left, and left windage will be taken.

Point blank range is 530 yards. Battle sight is set for this distance
because this is the extreme range at which a bullet would strike a man
kneeling between the rifle and the target.

[Illustration: Plate #4.]

Pistol.

NOMENCLATURE AND CARE.--The soldier is first taught the nomenclature
of the parts of the pistol. Ordinance Pamphlet No. 1866 gives this
information, (See cut of pistol.)


MANUAL FOR THE PISTOL.

1. The pistol being in the holster: 1. Raise, 2. Pistol.

At the command Raise, unbutton the flap of the holster with the right
hand and grasp the stock, back of hand outward.

At the command Pistol, draw the pistol from the holster, reverse it,
muzzle up, the hand holding the stock with the thumb and last three
fingers; forefinger outside of the guard; barrel to the rear, and
inclined to the front at an angle of about thirty degrees; hand as
high as the neck and six inches in front of the point of the right
shoulder. This is the position of Raise Pistol, and it may be
similarly taken from any position.

2. To withdraw magazine, pistol in any position: 1. Withdraw. 2.
Magazine.

At the command Magazine, place pistol, barrel down, in left hand and
clasp barrel in full grip of left hand, thumb clasped over barrel in
front of trigger guard, butt of pistol up, barrel pointing to the left
front and slightly downward. With tip of right forefinger press stud
releasing magazine and then place tip of same finger under projection
at front of magazine base. Raise magazine about an inch then close
thumb and second finger on sides of magazine, giving a secure grasp
with which it can be withdrawn from socket, placed inside belt (in
pocket of shirt or otherwise disposed of without throwing it away).
Right hand then grasps stock, back of hand to the left.

3. To open chamber, the pistol in any position: 1. Open. 2. Chamber.

Carry the pistol to the left hand (if not already there) barrel to the
left, front end of slide grasped between the thumb and forefinger of
left hand; right hand grasping stock, back of hand up; right thumb
under slide stop. Hold left hand steady and push forward with right
hand till slide reaches end of stroke; engage slide stop, and come to
Raise Pistol. Should the pistol be cocked and locked, it will be
unlocked so that the slide can move.

4. To close chamber, being at Raise Pistol, chamber open: 1. Close. 2.
Chamber.

At the command Chamber, release slide top with right thumb and let
hammer down gently. To let hammer down, pull downward with point of
right thumb till hammer presses against grip safety and forces it
home; then while continuing this pressure on hammer, pull trigger; and
while continuing pull on trigger, let the hammer down. While letting
hammer down, grasp stock firmly between the palm and last three
fingers to prevent pistol rotating in hand.

5. To insert magazine, pistol being in any position, no magazine in
socket: 1. Insert. 2. Magazine.

Lower pistol into left hand as in Withdrawn Magazine, grasp magazine
with tip of right forefinger on projection at base of magazine,
withdraw from pocket and insert in pistol. To make sure that magazine
is home, strike base of magazine with palm of right hand. Bring the
pistol to the position of Raise Pistol.

6. To return pistol, being at Raise Pistol: 1. Return. 2. Pistol.

Lower the pistol and raise the flap of the holster with the right
thumb; insert the pistol in the holster and push it down; button the
flap with the right hand. If the pistol be loaded and cocked the
command. 1. Lock, 2. Pistol must precede the command "Return."

7. To load, having loaded magazine in pistol, pistol in any position,
chamber empty: 1. Load. 2. Pistol.

Place pistol in left hand, barrel down, butt of pistol up, barrel
pointing to left front and downward, slide grasped between thumb and
forefinger. Push forward with right hand until the slide is fully
open, then release slide allowing it to move forward and load
cartridge into chamber. Come to Raise Pistol. If the last shot in the
magazine has been fired, to reload; same command, but execute
Withdrawn Magazine, Insert Magazine, Close Chamber. As soon as the
pistol is loaded, it will be immediately locked by the commands. 1.
Lock. 2. Pistol. Should the command for locking pistol be
inadvertently omitted it will be locked without command.

8. To unload pistol, being in any position, loaded:

Execute by the commands, Withdraw Magazine, Open Chamber, Close
Chamber, Insert Magazine.

9. To inspect pistol, it being in the holster: 1. Inspection. 2.
Pistol.

Execute, Raise Pistol.

To inspect the pistol more minutely, add 3. Withdraw. 4. Magazine. 5.
Open. 6. Chamber.

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