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Military Instructors Manual by James P. Cole and Oliver Schoonmaker

J >> James P. Cole and Oliver Schoonmaker >> Military Instructors Manual





CHAPTER 10.

Personal hygiene and first aid; 221
Personal hygiene; 221
Bathing; 221
Sexual indulgence; 222
Exercise; 222
Cleanliness of surroundings; 223
Preventable diseases; 223
Typhoid fever; 223
Dysentery; 223
Malaria; 224
Tonsilitis and colds; 224
Measles; 224
First aid; 224
Grounds; 224
Poisoned wounds; 225
Diagnosis tag; 225
Treatment of wounds; 225
Bleeding wounds; 225
Fainting, heat exhaustion and shock; 226
Sunstroke; 226
Burns and scalds; 226
Freezing and frostbites; 226
Fractures; 226
Treatment; 227
Artificial respiration; 227
Trench foot; 227


CHAPTER 11.

Signaling; 229
Semaphore; 229
First cycle; 229
Second cycle; 229
Third cycle; 229
Fourth cycle; 230
Doubles; 230
Instructing; 230
Second step; 230
Third step; 230
Fourth step; 230
Wig wag; 232
Points to remember; 233
Letter codes; 233
Arm signals; 234
Forward, march; 234
Halt; 234
Double time, march; 234
Squads right, march; 234
Squads left, march; 234
Squads right about, march; 234
Change direction or column right, march; 234
As skirmishers, march; 234
As skirmishers, guide center, march; 235
As skirmishers, guide right, march; 235
Assemble, march; 235
Range, or change elevation; 235
What range are you using?; 235
Are you ready?; 235
Commence firing; 235
Fire faster; 235
Fire slower; 235
To swing the cone of fire; 235
Fix bayonet; 236
Suspend firing; 236
Cease firing; 236
Platoon; 236
Squad; 236
Rush; 236


CHAPTER 12.

Guard duty; 237
Guards; 237
Formal guard mounting; 238
Ceremony; 238
First detail; 239
Other details; 239
Sergeant major; 239
Adjutant; 239, 240, 241
Officer of the guard; 240
New officer of the day; 240
Commander of the guard; 241
Guard duty in the trenches; 241


CHAPTER 13.

Company administration; 245
Notes on organization; 245
Prepare in advance to receive men; 245
Duties; 245
If in cantonments; 246
If in tents; 246
Men reporting; 246
Issue of equipment; 247
Organization; 248
Day's routine; 249
Reveille; 250
Mess; 250, 251
Sick call; 250, 251
Morning instruction; 250
Afternoon instruction; 251
Retreat; 251
School call; 251
Tattoo; 251
Call to quarters; 251
Taps; 251
Sundays and holidays; 252
Details; 252
Paper work; 252
Military correspondence; 253
Morning report; 254
Ration return; 254
Sick report; 254
Duty roster; 254
Monthly return; 255
Service record; 255
Discharge; 255
Final statement; 255
Muster roll; 255
Pay roll; 256
Names; 257
Losses; 257


CHAPTER 14.

Conferences; 259
Study; 259
Syllabus: Small problems for infantry; 261
Examinations; 269
Military science and tactics; 275
Minor tactics; 275


CHAPTER 15.

Trench warfare; 287
General principles; 287
Instructions to be issued by battalion commander; 287
Attack of a defensive position; 289
Attacking from trenches; 291
Defense of trenches; 296
Liaison; 298
Trench orders; 299
Selection of site; 302
Trench construction; 303, 307
General arrangement; 303
System of laying out trenches; 307
Revettments; 308
Sod; 310
Sand bags; 310
Concrete work; 310
Gabions; 310
Trench armament; 311
Loopholes; 311
Trench bottoms; 311
Communication trench; 313
Latrines; 315
Shelters; 315
Dugouts; 317
Sentries; 317
Position; 317
Entrances; 317
Galleries; 318
Bomb-traps; 318
Interior; 318
Depots for supplies; 318
Telephones; 319
Departure parallel; 319
Machine gun emplacements; 319
Listening posts; 321
Wire entanglements; 321
High entanglements; 321
Tracing entanglements; 322
Low entanglements; 322
Loose wire; 322
Criticisms by Lieut Henri Poire; 322
Occupation; 325
Two main classes of relief; 325
General principles of relief; 325
Mechanism of relief; 325
Attack during the march; 328
The stay in the trenches; 329
Four objects of a trench commander; 329
His plan of defense; 329
Organization of defense; 329
Liaison; 331
Observation; 331
Trench work; 333
Offensive operations; 334
Rule of the trench commander; 335
Duties of the company commander; 335
Duties of platoon leaders as officers on duty; 339
Duties of platoon leaders; 339
In front line trenches; 340
Duties of non-commissioned officer on duty; 341
Patrols; 342
Sentinels; 342
Machine guns; 342
Snipers; 343
Organization of a platoon; 344
Deployments; 346
Normal battalion formation in attack; 347
General principles of the platoon formation in assault of
fortified positions; 349
Remarks regarding forming of wave from close order; 353
Some questions a platoon commander should ask himself; 354
Defensive measure against gas attacks; 356
General considerations; 356
Nature of gas attacks; 356
Gas clouds; 356
Gas projectiles; 358
Tear or lachrymatory shells; 359
Poison shells; 359
Smoke; 359
Mine and explosion gases; 359
Protection of shelters; 360
Methods of protection; 360
Shelters which should be protected; 361
Protection of weapons and equipment; 361
Small arms and S.A.A.; 362
Hand and rifle grenades; 362
Light trench mortars; 362
Action to be taken in trenches on gas alarm; 363
Action to be taken in billets and back areas; 363
Action during gas attack; 364
Protective measures; 364
Tactical measures; 364
Precautions against gas shells; 365
Action subsequent to a gas attack; 367
General; 367
Movement; 367
Clearing dugouts and other shelters; 367
Ventilation; 368
Natural; 368
By fire; 368
By fanning; 369
Cleaning arms and ammunition; 369
Treatment of shell holes; 370
Concealment from aerial observers; 370
Orders governing intrenchment problems; 372
Company organization; 384
Company headquarters; 384
Headquarters; 384
Personnel; 385
Commissioned; 385
Enlisted; 386
Equipment; 386
Trench standing orders; 386
Duties; 386
Sentries; 387
Patrols; 388
Stand to; 389
Machine guns; 389
Reliefs; 390
Guides; 391
Smoking and talking; 391
Procedure on arrival at trenches; 391
Log books; 392
Equipment; 392
Stretcher bearers; 392
Discipline; 392
Rations and cooking; 393
Sanitation; 393
Emergency dumps for companies (material); 394
Contents of dump; 394
Stores for company; 394
Stores at battalion headquarters; 394
Conclusion; 396
Bibliography; 397

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Ellen Anderson Gholson Glasgow - "The Wheel of Life"

Zachary Taylor Sweeney - "The Spirit and the Word"

Therese Albertine Louise von Jacob Robinson - "Historical View of the Languages and Literature of the Slavic"

H. M. Tomlinson - "London River"

Why shouldn't Sarah Palin get a book deal?
Articles published by guardian.co.uk Books

The Blackbird of Belfast Lough keeps singing
Jean Hannah Edelstein: Left-leaning Americans should welcome books from Sarah Palin and Joe the Plumber

At least 13 ways of looking at a blackbird

Int én bec
    ro léic feit
    do rind guip
    glanbuidi
    fo-ceird faíd
    os Loch Laíg
    lon do craíb
    charnbuidi

This weird little scrap of Irish syllabic verse, probably from the 9th century, consists of just 24 syllables, broken up into eight short lines, which have somehow continued to echo in modern Irish verse: the little lyric seems to have stuck; it has proved itself, in Seamus Heaney's words, to have "staying power".

First used in a metrical tract of the 11th century to illustrate a metre called snám súad, the lyric might be translated, literally, as: "The little bird which has whistled from the end of a bright-yellow bill: it utters a note above Belfast Lough – a blackbird from a yellow-heaped branch" (in a translation by Gerard Murphy). Or perhaps: "The little bird has whistled from the tip of his bright yellow beak; the blackbird from a bough laden with yellow blossom has tossed a cry over Belfast Lough" (translation by David Greene & Frank O'Connor).

Perhaps the poem's recent appeal has something to do with the character of the plucky little bird singing out over Belfast – the site of so much tragedy during the past three decades. Blackbird = poet? That, at least, is one way of looking at it.

Poetic versions, and rewrites, and reinterpretations of the poem abound, by John Montague, and John Hewitt, and Seamus Heaney, and Thomas Kinsella (in The New Oxford Book of Irish Verse), and Tomás Ó Floinn (in modern Irish), and by the current director of the Seamus Heaney Centre for Poetry, Ciaran Carson.

Carson tells the story of how, when appointed as the first director of the Seamus Heaney Centre for Poetry, he saw a blackbird pecking around in the little garden outside the School of English and thought it might make an interesting symbol for the newly established centre for creative writing. And so "The Blackbird of Belfast Lough", in word and image, became the Centre's motto and emblem.

Some years later, as writer in residence at the Heaney Centre, I found myself in conversation with two artists, the brothers Oliver and Rory Jeffers. We'd occasionally meet, the three of us, on Saturday mornings to drink coffee and to talk about art and literature, and Oliver would sometimes bring along work-in-progress and Rory would try to explain to me the structure and meaning of the language of images (which I never understood). On a whim, and high on caffeine and big ideas, I thought I would invite a number of local and international artists to read "The Blackbird of Belfast Lough" in its original Irish and its English translations, and to make of it what they would. Which is how I found myself putting together an exhibition now on show at the Heaney Centre.

In his preface to the exhibition catalogue Seamus Heaney suggests that the images might be a way of keeping "the perpetual motion machine of art on the go". I couldn't – obviously – have put it better myself.

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