Military Instructors Manual by James P. Cole and Oliver Schoonmaker

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F. Machine gun commanders are responsible for guns always being ready
for action, and that emplacements are clear of all material except
such as is required for the service of the guns; that embrasures or
loopholes are kept clear of all obstructions which may interfere with
fire or view.

6. Reliefs.--A. Reconnaisance. Prior to taking over the line of
trenches the company commander, accompanied by his senior First
Lieutenant and First Sergeant, will reconnoiter the trenches.

B. Points to be noted by the company commanders. The following points
will be specially noted by company commanders before taking over
trenches:

1. Plan of occupation (number of men holding lines to be taken
over, their distribution and duties).
2. Shelter accommodations.
3. Work being done and proposed.
4. Conditions of the wire and defenses generally.
5. Information as to the enemy, his habits, snipers, and the work
he is doing, etc.
6. Water supply.
7. Artillery support.
8. Communications.
9. Danger points.
10. Location and condition of stores.
11. Liaison.

7. Guides.--A. Arrangements will be made between the company
commanders of the incoming and outgoing companies as to the rendezvous
where guides will be provided by the latter to conduct the incoming
troops to the trenches.

B. One guide per platoon, one for each company and one for battalion
headquarters will be provided. These guides must know the exact spot
where they will meet the relief troops and the best way to conduct the
units to the particular section of the trench they will occupy.

8. Smoking and Talking.--A. After leaving the rendezvous there will
be no smoking and talking until arrival in trenches. Strictest march
discipline will be enforced on the way to and from the trenches.

9. Procedure on Arrival at Trenches.--A. The troops being relieved
will not leave the trenches until the relieving troops are in position
and the new sentries have been posted, all trench stores have been
handed over and receipted for, and orders to move have been received
from the Company Commander.

B. Platoon commanders will at once personally see that all sentinels
are properly posted, that the non-commissioned officer is on duty,
that every man knows his place in case of attack, and that both flanks
of his platoon are in liaison with the adjoining platoon.

C. When reliefs are completed, Platoon Commanders will report to that
effect to the Company Commander.

D. Men will not be dismissed until the Company Commander has received
the reports from all of his Platoon Commanders that everything is in
order.

10. Log Books.--A. Each Company Commander will keep a log book in
which will be entered:

1. Work done.
2. Number of men working.
3. Hours worked.
4. Any information obtained from sentries, patrols, or other
sources.

They will also enter in this book a list of any trench stores that
come into their possession.

11. Equipment.--A. Equipment will be worn in the front trenches.
Haversacks, packs, and trench tools need not be worn, these will be
left in the shelters. In support and reserve trenches, they will be
worn at the discretion of the Company Commander.

B. Ration and carrying parties will wear equipment and carry rifles
unless otherwise ordered.

C. Pieces will be assumed to be loaded and locked at all times.

D. In the firing trenches bayonets will be fixed at night.

E. Non-commissioned officers and men of the firing line will at all
times be in possession of their rifles and bayonets. The rifles of men
in the support and reserve trenches or dugouts will be where they can
be quickly seized, even in the dark.

12. Stretcher Bearers.--A. Stretcher bearers will be stationed at a
point designated by the Company Commander.

13. Discipline.--A. Sleeping in the firing trenches will not be
permitted.

B. No man will enter the firing trench, except in discharge of his
duty, unless so ordered by his Company or Platoon Commander.

C. Sentries will remain standing unless the height of the parapet
renders this impossible.

D. Saluting and standing at attention, etc., will be as carefully
adhered to as when in camp except that sentinel will not let this
interfere with their duties.

14. Rations and Cooking.--A. Cooking will be done in the rear of the
reserve at a point to be designated.

B. Company Quartermaster Sergeants will accompany ration parties,
which will be limited in size to the actual needs for bringing up
cooked rations from the point where cooking is done, to the trenches.
At no time should this exceed ten per cent of the effective strength
of the unit from which sent.

C. Care will be taken that as little noise as possible be made by
these carrying parties.

15. Sanitation.--A. The importance of strict attention to sanitation
will be impressed upon all ranks.

B. The commanding officer of each unit is responsible for sanitation
in his sector. He will make frequent inspections of latrines, refuse
pits and trenches to ascertain that no unsanitary conditions exist.

C. Latrines will be constructed in the trenches, excreta kept covered
at all times and such disinfectants as may be provided will be used at
regular intervals. When filled within eighteen inches of the top, pits
will be filled with earth and labeled.

D. Urinal cans will be provided and men required to use these cans and
contents will be emptied as often as necessary into deep pits at least
one hundred yards from the trenches. Empty tin cans, particles of food
and other refuse will be collected in receptacles kept in the trenches
for that purpose and carried to the rear and buried in pits. This is
usually done at night.

Emergency Dumps for Companies (Material).

1. Any large shell crater will do for these or holes can be dug 10' x
10,' x 5' deep.

CONTENTS OF DUMP.

10 rolls barbed wire.
8 coils French accordion wire.
30 long screw stakes.
50 short screw stakes.
4 prepared wire blocks (gooseberries).

STORES FOR COMPANY.

100 very flares.
6 S.O.S. rockets.
2 verminal sprayers.
1 strombos horn. (gas alarm)
rubber boots.
periscopes.
200 revolver ammunition.
1 log book.
1 set maps.
1 set air photos.
1 defense scheme.

2. These are taken over and signed for. Each dugout must have a gas
blanket and some form of gas alarm (usually empty shell case.)

STORES AT BATTALION HEADQUARTERS.

1 strombos horn.
2 verminal sprayers.
300 very flares.
20 S.O.S. rockets.
500 revolver ammunition.
50 ground flares.

[Illustration: Plate #28]

Conclusion.

The present army of the United States had its inception at Plattsburg
in 1915. The first regiment of the Business Mens' Training Camp will
go down in history as the first chapter of preparedness.

The training camps of 1916, not only at Plattsburg, but at various
other places throughout the United States, constituted the second
chapter.

We are just finishing chapter three in the officers' training camps of
1917.

This book brings together the essential points of the instruction
given at the second and probably the last of the officers' training
camps at Plattsburg, in such a way that an officer may refresh his
memory when he is about to take up with his men any of the subjects
covered.

It is hardly necessary to add that no attempt has been made to cover
fully any branch of the work. The bibliography provides for further
study and the books in it should be at every officer's command.

As the war progresses many changes will be made; not only will methods
change but some branches now considered essential may be cast aside as
useless.

Nothing but work can make the pages of any military book have real
meaning. This book gives what are now considered the essentials of
military training. If it has brought to the conscientious officer
points he might otherwise have forgotten to the detriment of his
command, it will have served its purpose.

Bibliography.

CHAPTER II. I.D.R.

Balck "Tactics" Vol. 1. Infantry.

Howell "Lectures on the Swiss Army."

Bjornstadt "Lectures on the German Army."

"Drill and Field Training" (English)--Imperial Army Series.

"Instructions on the Offensive Conduct of Small Units." War
Department, May, 1917.

"Notes on the methods of attack and defense to meet the Conditions
of Modern Warfare." Army War College, April, 1917.

Privates Manual. (Moss.)

"Instructions for assembling the Infantry Pack," Ordnance
Department. Pamphlet No. 1717 Manual of Military Training. (Moss.)

CHAPTER III. PHYSICAL TRAINING.

"Manual of Physical Training." (Koehler.)

"Field Physical Training of the Soldier." Special Regulation No.
23.

Voice Culture. (Robert Lloyd.) (In lecture form.)

CHAPTER IV. SMALL ARMS FIRING MANUAL.

Bull's Eye Scorebook.

U.S. Marines Scorebook.

"How to Shoot." (Moss.)

"Notes on training for Rifle Fire in Trench Warfare." Army War
Coll., April, 1917.

"The Rifle in War." (Eames.)

"Suggestions to Military Riflemen." (Whelen.)

"Musketry" sheets from First Camp, Plattsburg, New York.

"Control of the Firing Line." Army Service School.

"Musketry Training." (Pickering.)

"A Synopsis of the Rifle in War." Army Service Schools.

British--"Aids in Musketry." "Fire Problems." (Pilcher.)

"Fire Orders"--"Direction and Control"--"Musketry"--Imperial Army
Series.

"Lecture and Lessons on Musketry and Instructions for Officers and
N.C.O.S. Musketry Diagrams." (Clutterbuck.)

"Notes on Bayonet Training." Army War College, March, 1917.

"British Manual of the Bayonet." Ordnance Pamphlet No. 1715 and No.
1866. (Pistol.)

"Notes on Bombing." (McClintock.)

"Notes on Grenade Training"--Plattsburg Training Camp.

"Notes on Grenade Warfare." Army War College.

CHAPTER V. MILITARY SKETCHING AND MAP HEADING.

"Military Map Reading." (Sherrill.)

"Military Sketching and Map Reading." (Grieves.)

"An Officer's Notes" (Parker.)

"Topography." (Sherrill.)

Engineers Field Manual.

"Manual of Infantry Training." (Moss.)

"Training Manual in Topography, Map Reading and Reconnaissance."
(By Major Spalding, U.S.A.)

"Military Sketching and Map Reading." (Capt. Barnes.)

CHAPTER VI. ARTICLES OF WAR.

"A Guide to the Articles of War." (Professor Eugene Waumbaugh.)

Manual of Courts Martial.

CHAPTER VII. ARMY REGULATIONS.

"Manual for Commanders of Infantry Platoons." Translated from the
French by the Army War College, 1917, War Department Document No.
626. a.r., 1913.

CHAPTER VIII. (FIELD WORK.)

"Notes on Field Fortification." Army Service Schools, 1916.

"E.F.M." and Addendum thereto.

"Elements of Trench Warfare." (Waldron.)

"Field Entrenchments." (Solano.)

"Scouting and Patrolling." (Waldron.)

"Scout Instruction." (McKenney.)

"Scout's Handwork." (McKenney.)

"The 2nd Matabele War." (Baden Powell.)

"Aids to Scouting." (Baden Powell.)

"Manual of Military Training." (Moss.)

"Small Problems in Infantry." (Bjornstadt.)

"S.M. Tactics."

"A Military Primer." (Marshall & Simonds.)

"Technique of Modern Tactics." (Von Allen.)

"Night Movements." (Burnett.)

"Night Operations for Infantry." (Dawkins.)

CHAPTER IX. (FEEDING MEN.)

"Manual for Army Cooks."

"Mess Sergeant's Handbook." (Holbrook.)

"Mess Officer's Assistant."

"Mess Account Book." (Frink.)

"Handling the Straight Army Ration." (Holbrook.)

"Manual of Military Training." (Moss.)

"Field Service." (Moss.)

CHAPTER X. (PERSONAL HYGIENE AND FIRST AID.)

"Manual of Military Training." (Moss.)

"Lectures on Military Sanitation and Management of Sanitation
Service," Army Service Schools.

"Lectures" delivered at Plattsburg Training Camp, 1917.

"Elements of Military Hygiene." (Ashburn.)

"Red Cross Pamphlet on First Aid."

"Manual for Non-Coms. and Privates."

CHAPTER XI. (SIGNALING.)

"United States Signal Book."

"Infantry Drill Regulations."

CHAPTER XII. (GUARD DUTY.)

"Manual of Interior Guard Duty."

CHAPTER XIII. (COMPANY ADMINISTRATION.)

"Company Administration." (Waldron.)

"Army Paper Work." (Perrin-Smith Pub. Co.)

"Notes on Organizations." (Waldron.)

"Synopsis of Work Done at 1st Plattsburg Camp." (Farley.)

"Army Paper Work." (Moss.)

"Army Regulations."

CHAPTER XIV. (CONFERENCES. STUDY. S.P.I. EXAMINATIONS.)

"Examinations in Military Science," Harvard University, 1917.

CHAPTER XV. (TRENCH WARFARE.)

"Field Fortifications." (Lt. Henri Poire.) Plattsburg, N.Y., 1917.

"The French Automatic Rifle." (Capt. Gene Loriot.)

"Notes on Liaison in Modern Warfare."

"Notes on the Method of Attack and Defense to Meet the Conditions
of Modern Warfare."

"Machine Gun Tactics." (Applin.)

"Grenades, Hand and Rifle." (Solano.)

"Training for the Trenches." (Vickers.)

"Studies in Leading Troops." (Vernois.)

"Tactical Decisions and Orders." (Buddecke.)

"Problems in Leading Troops--Army Service Schools."

"Battle Orders." (Von Kiesling.)

"70 Problems." (Morrison.)

"Tactical Principles and Problems." (Hanna.)

"Technique of Modern Tactics." (Bond and McDonough.)

"Estimating Tactical Situations." (Fitch.)

The Book Department, Army Service Schools, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas,
or the United States Infantry Association, Washington, D.C., will get
any books available.

INDEX.

CHAPTER 1. PAGE.

Schedules; 1

CHAPTER 2.

Infantry drill regulations; 31
School of the soldier; 31
Instruction without arms; 31
Attention; 32
Position of; 32
Heels together and on a line; 32
Feet turned out equally, forming angle of 45 degrees; 32
Knees extended without stiffness; 32
Trunk erect upon hips; 32
Shoulders falling naturally; 32
Arms hanging naturally; 33
Head erect, chin raised; 33
Rests; 33
Position of rest and at ease; 33
Fall out; 34
Rest; 34
At ease; 34
Parade rest; 34
Eyes right; 34
Right face; 34
Right half face; 34
About face; 34
Hand salute; 34
Forward march; 34
Double time, march; 34
Mark time, march; 34
Half step, march; 34
Right step, march; 34
Squad, halt; 34
By right flank, march; 34
To the rear, march; 34
Change step, march; 34
Manual of arms; 35
Purpose; 35
Commands and cautions; 35
Order, arms; 35
Present, arms; 35
Port, arms; 35
Right shoulder, arms; 35
Left shoulder, arms; 35
Parade, rest; 35
Trail, arms; 35
Rifle salute; 35
Fix bayonet; 35
Unfix bayonet; 36
Inspection arms; 36
School of the squad; 36
Object; 36
Composition of squad; 36
Fall in; 36
Fall out; 36
Count off; 36
Inspection arms--right dress, front; 36
Guide right; 37
Take interval; 37
To reform; 37
Take distance; 37
Assemble, march; 37
Stack arms; 37
Take arms; 37
Oblique, march; 37
In place, halt; 37
Resume march; 38
Right turn; 38
Right half turn; 38
Squads right; 38
Squad right about; 38
School of the company; 38
Object; 38
Composition; 39
Fall in; 39
Platoon movements; 40
Leading platoon; 40
Rear platoon; 40
Questions which come up in daily military life; 40
Answers; 41
Insignia; 41
For second lieutenants; 41
Company right, march; 42
Platoons right, march; 42
Squads right, march; 42
Right turn, march; 42
Column right, march; 42
Platoons, column right, march; 42
Squads right, column right, march; 42
Squads right, platoons, column right, march; 42
Squads right about, march; 43
Right into line, march; 43
Right front into line, march; 43
Platoons, right front into line, march; 43
Route step, march; 43
Right by twos, march; 43
Squads right front into line, march; 43
Dismiss the company; 43
To fall in company when it cannot be formed by squads; 44
For muster; 44
In aligning company; 44
To march squad without unnecessary commands; 44
As skirmishers, march; 44
Assemble, march; 45
Kneel; 45
Lie down; 45
Rise; 45
Loadings and firings; 45
Arming; 45
Sight-setting announced; 45
Fire at will; 45
Clip fire; 45
Unload; 45
Extended order; 45
Corporal cautions; 46
Left face; 46
Company right; 46
Deployments; 46
As skirmishers, guide right, march; 46
To deploy from column or squad; 46
Assemble, march; 47
Platoons, assemble; 47
Platoons, columns; 47
Squad columns; 47
No. 1's forward, march; 48
Captain points out new line; 48
Disadvantage; 48
Advantage; 48
Being in skirmish line; 48
By platoon; 48
Commands; 48
School of the Battalion; 49
Basis; 49
Arrangement; 49
Number; 49
Center; 49
Band; 49
Dressing; 49
To form the battalion; 49
Other than ceremonies; 49
For ceremonies; 49
To dismiss the battalion; 50
To rectify the alignment; 50
To rectify the column; 50
Helpful hints to beginners; 50
In column of squads; 50
In column of companies; 51
Line of companies; 53
In battalion line; 54
Inspections; 55
Special points of company; 55
Battalion inspection; 56
Regimental inspection; 56
Ceremonies; 56
Battalion review; 56
Battalion parade; 57
Regimental parade; 58
Regimental review; 58
Fire direction; 58
Fire control; 58
Fire discipline; 58
The colonel; 59
Position; 59
Duties; 60
The major; 60
Position; 60
The general; 61
Duties; 61
Special; 62
Battalion staff; 63
Positions; 63
Duties; 64
Position; 65
Duties: before fire action; 65
during the action; 65
Buglers; 66
Position; 66
Duties; 66
Must be proficient in; 67
Range estimators; 67
Platoon leader; 68
Position; 68
Duties; 68
Thereafter; 69
First sergeant; 70
Guides; 70
General rules; 70
Equipment; 70
Close order; 71
Taking intervals and distances; 71
To form the company; 72
Alignments; 72
Exercise for; 74
Result; 74
Platoon Guides; 75
Position; 75
Duties; 75
Corporal; 76
Position; 76
Duties; 76
Thereafter; 76
The private; 78
Position; 78
Duties; 79
Packs; 81
Cartridge belt; 81
To attach first-aid pouch; 82
To attach canteen cover; 82
To attach pack carrier to haversack; 82
To attach cartridge belt to haversack; 83
To attach bayonet scabbard to haversack; 83
To attach intrenching tool carrier to haversack; 83
To assemble the full equipment (without rations); 84
To make the pack; 85
To assemble the pack; 85
To assemble the full equipment (with rations); 86
To make the pack; 86
To assemble the pack; 86
To adjust to the soldier; 86
To assemble full equipment, less the pack (with
rations); 87
To assemble full equipment, less the pack (without
rations); 88
To discard pack without removing equipment from
body; 88
Care of equipment; 89
Leather; 89
Woolen clothes; 89
Mending; 89
Cloth equipment--dry cleaning; 89
Washing; 89
Instructions on making packs; 89
Methods; 89
Adjusting cartridge belt; 90
Distribution of intrenching tools in the squad; 90

CHAPTER 3.

Physical training; 91
Physical training; 91
Bayonet training; 91
Time schedule; 91
Formations; 92
Second formation; 93
Commands; 93
Kinds of and how given; 93
First lesson; 94
Second lesson; 95
Third lesson; 96
Fourth lesson; 98
Fifth lesson; 99
Voice culture; 103

CHAPTER 4.

Use of modern arms; 105
Small arms firing; 106
Slow fire; 109
Rapid fire; 109
Pistol; 112
Nomenclature and care; 112
Manual for the pistol; 112
Position; 116
The grip; 116
The trigger squeeze; 117
Position and aiming drills; 117
Quick fire; 118
Classes of fire; 118
Slow fire; 118
Quick fire; 118
Automatic fire; 118
Trench; 118
Score; 119
Course; 120
Slow fire; 120
Quick fire; 120
Automatic fire; 120
Trench fire; 120
Bayonet training; 120
Functions of; 120
General practice; 120
Technique of bayonet combat; 121
Manual of the bayonet; 122
Progressive exercises; 124
Machine guns; 128
Mode of action; 128
Fire; 129
Inconspicuousness; 129
Offensive reinforcement of a front momentarily stationary; 130
Defensive; 130
General rules for installation; 131
Employment of fire and instruction; 132
Resume; 132
Points before firing; 133
Points during firing; 133
Points after firing; 133
Grenade instruction; 134
Introduction; 134
Working of grenades in use; 136
Instruction in throwing; 138
Instruction in grenade organization; 139
Points to remember; 141

CHAPTER 5.

Map sketching; 143
Class room--map reading; 143
Taking up map scales; 143
Field work--strict scale map making; 145
Road sketch; 146
Area sketch; 146
Problem; 150
Class room--problem; 150
Field work--problem; 154
Class room--problem; 155
Field work--problem; 157
problem; 158
Map reading; 159

CHAPTER 6.

Helpful references to the articles of war; 161
Military law; 161
Article 1; 161
Definitions; 161
Article 2; 161
Persons subject to military law; 161
Articles 3-18; 162
Courts martial classified; 162
Method of entering a charge against a man; 163
Specification; 164
General remarks; 164
Article 31; 164
Order of voting; 164
Article 39; 164
Limit upon prosecutions; 164
Article 54; 165
Fraudulent enlistment; 165
Article 58; 165
Desertion; 165
Article 61; 166
Absence without leave; 166
Article 62; 166
Disrespect toward President and others; 166
Article 63; 166
Disrespect toward a superior officer; 166
Article 64; 167
Assaulting or wilfully disobeying superior officer; 167
Article 65; 167
Insubordinate conduct toward a non-commissioned officer; 167
Article 68; 167
Disorders; 167
Article 69; 168
Breaking arrest; 168
Article 75; 169
Misbehavior before the enemy; 169
Article 83; 169
Neglect of military property; 169
Article 84; 169
Waste or unlawful disposal of property issued to soldiers; 169
Article 85; 169
Drunk on duty; 169
Article 86; 170
Misbehavior of sentinel; 170
Article 92; 170
Murder or rape; 170
Article 93; 170
Various crimes; 170
Article 94; 171
Frauds against the government; 171
Article 95; 171
Conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman; 171
Article 96; 171
General articles, the catch all; 171
Examples; 172
Problem 1; 172
Problem 2; 172
Problem 3; 172

CHAPTER 7.

Notes on army regulations; 175
Authority exercised; 175
Abusive language; 175
Respect to superiors; 175
Remarks by officers; 175
Furloughs; 175
Men on furloughs; 175
Men in foreign countries; 175
No payments; 175
Desertion; 175
Abandoned clothes; 175
Reward; 175
Costs of apprehension; 176
No pay or clothes; 176
Will be restored; 176
Absent without leave; 176
Discharge of enlisted men; 176
Final statements; 176
Certificate; 176
Loss of discharge certificate; 177
Physical disability certificate; 177
Death of soldier; 177
Effects; 177
Will be delivered; 177
Medal of honor; 178
Certificate of merit; 178
Quarters; 178
Saturday; 178
Neglect of rooms; 178
Destruction of tableware; 178
Chiefs of squads; 178
Premises; 178
Company commanders; 178
Arms; 178
Accountability and responsibility; 178
Example; 179
Loss of public property; 179
Ration; 179
Forfeiture; 179
Pay; 179
Allotments; 180
Class A; 180
Class B; 180
Compensation for death or disability; 181
Additional insurance; 182
Deposits; 182
A lost deposit book; 182
Payment; 183
Withdrawal of deposits; 183
Interest; 183
Forfeiture; 183
Officers and men; 183
Furloughed to reserve; 183
Transportation; 183
Discharged soldier; 183
Transfer of claims; 183
Notes on the laws of war; 183

CHAPTER 8.

Practice marches; 187
Field work; 188
An order; 188
Do not deploy too early; 188
Fire direction; 189
The troops; 189
Defense; 190
Leadership; 190
Communications; 191
Night operations; 191
Patrols; 191
Leader; 191
Conduct of; 192
Report; 192
Return; 193
Advance guard; 193
Rear guard; 194
Flank guard; 194
Camps; 194
March outpost; 194
Outpost; 195
Outline of field service regulations; 197
Land forces of U.S.; 197
Military information; 197
Transmission of information; 198
Questions and answers on; 206

CHAPTER 9.

Feeding men; 213
In camp; 213
On the march; 214
For individual cooking; 214
In the trenches; 215
Rations and cooking; 215
Camping and camp sanitation; 216
General principles; 216

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