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The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended by Isaac Newton

I >> Isaac Newton >> The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended




_Pausanias_ [178] tells us that _the people of _Elis_, who were best
skilled in Antiquities, related this to have been the Original of the
Olympic Games: that _Saturn_ Reigned first and had a Temple built to him in
_Olympia_ by the men of the Golden Age; and that when _Jupiter_ was newly
born, his mother _Rhea_ recommended him to the care of the _Idaei Dactyli_,
who were also called _Curetes_: that afterwards five of them, called
_Hercules_, _Poeonius_, _Epimedes_, _Jasius_, and _Ida_, came from _Ida_, a
mountain in _Crete_, into _Elis_; and _Hercules_, called also _Hercules
Idaeus_, being the oldest of them, in memory of the war between _Saturn_ and
_Jupiter_, instituted the game of racing, and that the victor should be
rewarded with a crown of olive_; and there erected an altar to _Jupiter
Olympius_, and called these games Olympic: and that some of the _Eleans_
said, _that _Jupiter_ contended here with _Saturn_ for the Kingdom; others
that _Hercules Idaeus_ instituted these games in memory of their victory
over the _Titans__: for the people of _Arcadia_ [179] had a tradition, that
the Giants fought with the Gods in the valley of _Bathos_, near the river
_Alpheus_ and the fountain _Olympias_. [180] Before the Reign of
_Asterius_, his father _Teutamus_ came into _Crete_ with a colony from
_Olympia_; and upon the flight of _Asterius_, some of his friends might
retire with him into their own country, and be pursued and beaten there by
the _Idaean Hercules_: the _Eleans_ said also that _Clymenus_ the grandson
of the _Idaean Hercules_, about fifty years after _Deucalion_'s flood,
coming from _Crete_, celebrated these games again in _Olympia_, and erected
there an altar to _Juno Olympia_, that is, to _Europa_, and another to this
_Hercules_ and the rest of the _Curetes_; and Reigned in _Elis_ 'till he
was expelled by _Endymion_, [181] who thereupon celebrated these games
again: and so did _Pelops_, who expelled _AEtolus_ the son of _Endymion_;
and so also did _Hercules_ the son of _Alcmena_, and _Atreus_ the son of
_Pelops_, and _Oxylus_: they might be celebrated originally in triumph for
victories, first by _Hercules Idaeus_, upon the conquest of _Saturn_ and the
_Titans_, and then by _Clymenus_, upon his coming to Reign in the _Terra
Curetum_; then by _Endymion_, upon his conquering _Clymenus_; and
afterwards by _Pelops_, upon his conquering _AEtolus_; and by _Hercules_,
upon his killing _Augeas_; and by _Atreus_, upon his repelling the
_Heraclides_; and by _Oxylus_, upon the return of the _Heraclides_ into
_Peloponnesus_. This _Jupiter_, to whom they were instituted, had a Temple
and Altar erected to him in _Olympia_, where the games were celebrated, and
from the place was called _Jupiter Olympius_: _Olympia_ was a place upon
the confines of _Pisa_, near the river _Alpheus_.

In the [182] Island _Thasus_, where _Cadmus_ left his brother _Thasus_, the
_Phoenicians_ built a Temple to _Hercules Olympius_, that _Hercules_, whom
_Cicero_ [183] calls _ex Idaeis Dactylis; cui inferias afferunt_. When the
mysteries of _Ceres_ were instituted in _Eleusis_, there were other
mysteries instituted to her and her daughter and daughter's husband, in the
Island _Samothrace_, by the _Phoenician_ names of _Dii Cabiri Axieros_,
_Axiokersa_, and _Axiokerses_, that is, the great Gods _Ceres_,
_Proserpina_ and _Pluto_: for [184] _Jasius_ a _Samothracian_, whose sister
married _Cadmus_, was familiar with _Ceres_; and _Cadmus_ and _Jasius_ were
both of them instituted in these mysteries. _Jasius_ was the brother of
_Dardanus_, and married _Cybele_ the daughter of _Meones_ King of
_Phrygia_, and by her had _Corybas_; and after his death, _Dardanus_,
_Cybele_ and _Corybas_ went into _Phrygia_, and carried thither the
mysteries of the mother of the Gods, and _Cybele_ called the goddess after
her own name, and _Corybas_ called her priests _Corybantes_: thus
_Diodorus_; but _Dionysius_ saith [185] that _Dardanus_ instituted the
_Samothracian_ mysteries, and that his wife _Chryses_ learnt them in
_Arcadia_, and that _Idaeus_ the son of _Dardanus_ instituted afterwards the
mysteries of the mother of the gods in _Phrygia_: this _Phrygian_ Goddess
was drawn in a chariot by lions, and had a _corona turrita_ on her head,
and a drum in her hand, like the _Phoenician_ Goddess _Astarte_, and the
_Corybantes_ danced in armour at her sacrifices in a furious manner, like
the _Idaei Dactyli_; and _Lucian_ [186] tells us that she was the _Cretan
Rhea_, that is, _Europa_ the mother of _Minos_: and thus the _Phoenicians_
introduced the practice of Deifying dead men and women among the _Greeks_
and _Phrygians_; for I meet with no instance of Deifying dead men and women
in _Greece_, before the coming of _Cadmus_ and _Europa_ from _Zidon_.

From these originals it came into fashion among the _Greeks_, [Greek:
kterizein], _parentare_, to celebrate the funerals of dead parents with
festivals and invocations and sacrifices offered to their ghosts, and to
erect magnificent sepulchres in the form of temples, with altars and
statues, to persons of renown; and there to honour them publickly with
sacrifices and invocations: every man might do it to his ancestors; and the
cities of _Greece_ did it to all the eminent _Greeks_: as to _Europa_ the
sister, to _Alymnus_ the brother, and to _Minos_ and _Rhadamanthus_ the
nephews of _Cadmus_; to his daughter _Ino_, and her son _Melicertus_; to
_Bacchus_ the son of his daughter _Semele_, _Aristarchus_ the husband of
his daughter _Autonoe_, and _Jasius_ the brother of his wife _Harmonia_; to
_Hercules_ a _Theban_, and his mother _Alcmena_; to _Danae_ the daughter of
_Acrisius_; to _AEsculapius_ and _Polemocrates_ the son of _Machaon_, to
_Pandion_ and _Theseus_ Kings of _Athens_, _Hippolytus_ the son of
_Theseus_, _Pan_ the son of _Penelope_, _Proserpina_, _Triptolemus_,
_Celeus_, _Trophonius_, _Castor_, _Pollux_, _Helena_, _Menelaus_,
_Agamemnon_, _Amphiaraus_ and his son _Amphilochus_, _Hector_ and
_Alexandra_ the son and daughter of _Priam_, _Phoroneus_, _Orpheus_,
_Protesilaus_, _Achilles_ and his mother _Thetis_, _Ajax_, _Arcas_,
_Idomeneus_, _Meriones_, _AEacus_, _Melampus_, _Britomartis_, _Adrastus_,
_Iolaus_, and divers others. They Deified their dead in divers manners,
according to their abilities and circumstances, and the merits of the
person; some only in private families, as houshold Gods or _Dii Paenates_;
others by erecting gravestones to them in publick, to be used as altars for
annual sacrifices; others, by building also to them sepulchres in the form
of houses or temples; and some by appointing mysteries, and ceremonies, and
set sacrifices, and festivals, and initiations, and a succession of priests
for performing those institutions in the temples, and handing them down to
posterity. Altars might begin to be erected in _Europe_ a little before the
days of _Cadmus_, for sacrificing to the old God or Gods of the Colonies,
but Temples began in the days of _Solomon_; for [187] _AEacus_ the son of
_AEgina_, who was two Generations older than the _Trojan_ war, is by some
reputed one of the first who built a Temple in _Greece_. Oracles came first
from _Egypt_ into _Greece_ about the same time, as also did the custom of
forming the images of the Gods with their legs bound up in the shape of the
_Egyptian_ mummies: for Idolatry began in _Chaldaea_ and _Egypt_, and spread
thence into _Phoenicia_ and the neighbouring countries, long before it came
into _Europe_; and the _Pelasgians_ propagated it in _Greece_, by the
dictates of the Oracles. The countries upon the _Tigris_ and the _Nile_
being exceeding fertile, were first frequented by mankind, and grew first
into Kingdoms, and therefore began first to adore their dead Kings and
Queens: hence came the Gods of _Laban_, the Gods and Goddesses called
_Baalim_ and _Ashtaroth_ by the _Canaanites_, the Daemons or Ghosts to whom
they sacrificed, and the _Moloch_ to whom they offered their children in
the days of _Moses_ and the Judges. Every City set up the worship of its
own Founder and Kings, and by alliances and conquests they spread this
worship, and at length the _Phoenicians_ and _Egyptians_ brought into
_Europe_ the practice of Deifying the dead. The Kingdom of the lower
_Egypt_ began to worship their Kings before the days of _Moses_; and to
this worship the second commandment is opposed: when the Shepherds invaded
the lower _Egypt_, they checked this worship of the old _Egyptians_, and
spread that of their own Kings: and at length the _Egyptians_ of _Coptos_
and _Thebais_, under _Misphragmuthosis_ and _Amosis_, expelling the
Shepherds, checked the worship of the Gods of the Shepherds, and Deifying
their own Kings and Princes, propagated the worship of twelve of them into
their conquests; and made them more universal than the false Gods of any
other nation had been before, so as to be called, _Dii magni majorum
gentium_. _Sesostris_ conquered _Thrace_, and _Amphictyon_ the son of
_Prometheus_ brought the twelve Gods from _Thrace_ into _Greece_:
_Herodotus_ [188] tells us that they came from _Egypt_; and by the names of
the cities of _Egypt_ dedicated to many of these Gods, you may know that
they were of an _Egyptian_ original: and the _Egyptians_, according to
_Diodorus_, [189] usually represented, that after their _Saturn_ and
_Rhea_, Reigned _Jupiter_ and _Juno_, the parents of _Osiris_ and _Isis_,
the parents of _Orus_ and _Bubaste_.

By all this it may be understood, that as the _Egyptians_ who Deified their
Kings, began their monarchy with the Reign of their Gods and Heroes,
reckoning _Menes_ the first man who reigned after their Gods; so the
_Cretans_ had the Ages of their Gods and Heroes, calling the first four
Ages of their Deified Kings and Princes, the Golden, Silver, Brazen, and
Iron Ages. _Hesiod_ [190] describing these four Ages of the Gods and
Demi-Gods of _Greece_, represents them to be four Generations of men, each
of which ended when the men then living grew old and dropt into the grave,
and tells us that the fourth ended with the wars of _Thebes_ and _Troy_:
and so many Generations there were, from the coming of the _Phoenicians_
and _Curetes_ with _Cadmus_ and _Europa_ into _Greece_ unto the destruction
of _Troy_. _Apollonius Rhodius_ saith that when the _Argonauts_ came to
_Crete_, they slew _Talus_ a brazen man, who remained of those that were of
the Brazen Age, and guarded that pass: _Talus_ was reputed [191] the son of
_Minos_, and therefore the sons of _Minos_ lived in the Brazen Age, and
_Minos_ Reigned in the Silver Age: it was the Silver Age of the _Greeks_ in
which they began to plow and sow Corn, and _Ceres_, that taught them to do
it, flourished in the Reign of _Celeus_ and _Erechtheus_ and _Minos_.
Mythologists tell us that the last woman with whom _Jupiter_ lay, was
_Alcmena_; and thereby they seem to put an end to the Reign of _Jupiter_
among mortals, that is to the Silver Age, when _Alcmena_ was with child of
_Hercules_; who therefore was born about the eighth or tenth year of
_Rehoboam's_ Reign, and was about 34 years old at the time of the
_Argonautic_ expedition. _Chiron_ was begot by _Saturn_ of _Philyra_ in the
Golden Age, when _Jupiter_ was a child in the _Cretan_ cave, as above; and
this was in the Reign of _Asterius_ King of _Crete_: and therefore
_Asterius_ Reigned in _Crete_ in the Golden Age; and the Silver Age began
when _Chiron_ was a child: if _Chiron_ was born about the 35th year of
_David_'s Reign, he will be born in the Reign of _Asterius_, when _Jupiter_
was a child in the _Cretan_ cave, and be about 88 years old in the time of
the _Argonautic_ expedition, when he invented the Asterisms; and this is
within the reach of nature. The Golden Age therefore falls in with the
Reign of _Asterius_, and the Silver Age with that of _Minos_; and to make
these Ages much longer than ordinary generations, is to make _Chiron_ live
much longer than according to the course of nature. This fable of the four
Ages seems to have been made by the _Curetes_ in the fourth Age, in memory
of the first four Ages of their coming into _Europe_, as into a new world;
and in honour of their country-woman _Europa_, and her husband _Asterius_
the _Saturn_ of the _Latines_, and of her son _Minos_ the _Cretan Jupiter_
and grandson _Deucalion_, who Reigned 'till the _Argonautic_ expedition,
and is sometimes reckoned among the _Argonauts_, and of their great
grandson _Idomeneus_ who warred at _Troy_. _Hesiod_ tells us that he
himself lived in the fifth Age, the Age next after the taking of _Troy_,
and therefore he flourished within thirty or thirty five years after it:
and _Homer_ was of about the same Age; for he [192] lived sometime with
_Mentor_ in _Ithaca_, and there learnt of him many things concerning
_Ulysses_, with whom _Mentor_ had been personally acquainted: now
_Herodotus_, the oldest Historian of the _Greeks_ now extant, [193] tells
us that _Hesiod_ and _Homer_ were not above four hundred years older than
himself, and therefore they flourished within 110 or 120 years after the
death of _Solomon_; and according to my reckoning the taking of _Troy_ was
but one Generation earlier.

Mythologists tell us, that _Niobe_ the daughter of _Phoroneus_ was the
first woman with whom _Jupiter_ lay, and that of her he begat _Argus_, who
succeeded _Phoroneus_ in the Kingdom of _Argos_, and gave his name to that
city; and therefore _Argus_ was born in the beginning of the Silver Age:
unless you had rather say that by _Jupiter_ they might here mean
_Asterius_; for the _Phoenicians_ gave the name of _Jupiter_ to every King,
from the time of their first coming into _Greece_ with _Cadmus_ and
_Europa_, until the invasion of _Greece_ by _Sesostris_, and the birth of
_Hercules_, and particularly to the fathers of _Minos_, _Pelops_,
_Lacedaemon_, _AEacus_, and _Perseus_.

The four first Ages succeeded the flood of _Deucalion_; and some tell us
that _Deucalion_ was the son of _Prometheus_, the son of _Japetus_, and
brother of _Atlas_: but this was another _Deucalion_; for _Japetus_ the
father of _Prometheus_, _Epimetheus,_ and _Atlas_, was an _Egyptian_, the
brother of _Osiris_, and flourished two generations after the flood of
_Deucalion_.

I have now carried up the Chronology of the _Greeks_ as high as to the
first use of letters, the first plowing and sowing of corn, the first
manufacturing of copper and iron, the beginning of the trades of Smiths,
Carpenters, Joyners, Turners, Brick-makers, Stone-cutters, and Potters, in
_Europe_; the first walling of cities about, the first building of Temples,
and the original of Oracles in _Greece_; the beginning of navigation by the
Stars in long ships with sails; the erecting of the _Amphictyonic_ Council;
the first Ages of _Greece_, called the Golden, Silver, Brazen and Iron
Ages, and the flood of _Deucalion_ which immediately preceded them. Those
Ages could not be earlier than the invention and use of the four metals in
_Greece_, from whence they had their names; and the flood of _Ogyges_ could
not be much above two or three ages earlier than that of _Deucalion_: for
among such wandering people as were then in _Europe_, there could be no
memory of things done above three or four ages before the first use of
letters: and the expulsion of the Shepherds out of _Egypt_, which gave the
first occasion to the coming of people from _Egypt_ into _Greece_, and to
the building of houses and villages in _Greece_, was scarce earlier than
the days of _Eli_ and _Samuel_; for _Manetho_ tells us, that when they were
forced to quit _Abaris_ and retire out of _Egypt_, they went through the
wilderness into _Judaea_ and built _Jerusalem_: I do not think, with
_Manetho,_ that they were the _Israelites_ under _Moses_, but rather
believe that they were _Canaanites_; and upon leaving _Abaris_ mingled with
the _Philistims_ their next neighbours: though some of them might assist
_David_ and _Solomon_ in building _Jerusalem_ and the Temple.

_Saul_ was made King [194], that he might rescue _Israel_ out of the hand
of the _Philistims_, who opressed them; and in the second year of his
Reign, the _Philistims_ brought into the field against him _thirty thousand
chariots, and six thousand horsemen, and people as the sand which is on the
sea shore for multitude_: the _Canaanites_ had their horses from _Egypt_;
and yet in the days of _Moses_ all the chariots of _Egypt_, with which
_Pharaoh_ pursued _Israel_ were but six hundred, _Exod._ xiv. 7. From the
great army of the _Philistims_ against _Saul_, and the great number of
their horses, I seem to gather that the Shepherds had newly relinquished
_Egypt_; and joyned them: the Shepherds might be beaten and driven out of
the greatest part of _Egypt_, and shut up in _Abaris_ by _Misphragmuthosis_
in the latter end of the days of _Eli_; and some of them fly to the
_Philistims_, and strengthen them against _Israel_, in the last year of
_Eli_; and from the _Philistims_ some of the Shepherds might go to _Zidon_,
and from _Zidon_, by sea to _Asia minor_ and _Greece_: and afterwards, in
the beginning of the Reign of _Saul_, the Shepherds who still remained in
_Egypt_ might be forced by _Tethmosis_ or _Amosis_ the son of
_Misphragmuthosis_, to leave _Abaris_, and retire in very great numbers to
the _Philistims_; and upon these occasions several of them, as _Pelasgus_,
_Inachus_, _Lelex_, _Cecrops_, and _Abas_, might come with their people by
sea from _Egypt_ to _Zidon_ and _Cyprus_, and thence to _Asia minor_ and
_Greece_, in the days of _Eli_, _Samuel_ and _Saul_, and thereby begin to
open a commerce by sea between _Zidon_ and _Greece_, before the revolt of
_Edom_ from _Judaea_, and the final coming of the _Phoenicians_ from the
_Red Sea_.

_Pelasgus_ Reigned in _Arcadia_, and was the father of _Lycaon_, according
to _Pherecydes Atheniensis_, and _Lycaon_ died just before the flood of
_Deucalion_; and therefore his father _Pelasgus_ might come into _Greece_
about two Generations before _Cadmus_, or in the latter end of the days of
_Eli_: _Lycaon_ sacrificed children, and therefore his father might come
with his people from the Shepherds in _Egypt_, and perhaps from the regions
of _Heliopolis_, where they sacrificed men, 'till _Amosis_ abolished that
custom. _Misphragmuthosis_ the father of _Amosis_, drove the Shepherds out
of a great part of _Egypt_, and shut the remainder up in _Abaris_: and then
great numbers might escape to _Greece_; some from the regions of
_Heliopolis_ under _Pelasgus_, and others from _Memphis_ and other places,
under other Captains: and hence it might come to pass that the _Pelasgians_
were at the first very numerous in _Greece_, and spake a different language
from the _Greek_, and were the ringleaders in bringing into _Greece_ the
worship of the dead.

_Inachus_ is called the son of _Oceanus_, perhaps because he came to
_Greece_ by sea: he might come with his people to _Argos_ from _Egypt_ in
the days of _Eli_, and seat himself upon the river _Inachus_, so named from
him, and leave his territories to his sons _Phoroneus_, _AEgialeus_, and
_Phegeus_, in the days of _Samuel_: for _Car_ the son of _Phoroneus_ built
a Temple to _Ceres_ in _Megara_, and therefore was contemporary to
_Erechtheus_. _Phoroneus_ Reigned at _Argos_, and _Aegialeus_ at _Sicyon_,
and founded those Kingdoms; and yet _AEgialeus_ is made above five hundred
years older than _Phoroneus_ by some Chronologers: but [195] _Acusilaus_,
[196] _Anticlides_ and [197] _Plato_, accounted _Phoroneus_ the oldest King
in _Greece_, and [198] _Apollodorus_ tells us, _AEgialeus_ was the brother
of _Phoroneus_. _AEgialeus_ died without issue, and after him Reigned
_Europs_, _Telchin_, _Apis_, _Lamedon_, _Sicyon_, _Polybus_, _Adrastus_,
and _Agamemnon_, _&c._ and _Sicyon_ gave his name to the Kingdom:
_Herodotus_ [199] saith that _Apis_ in the _Greek_ Tongue is _Epaphus_; and
_Hyginus_, [200] that _Epaphus_ the _Sicyonian_ got _Antiopa_ with child:
but the later _Greeks_ have made two men of the two names _Apis_ and
_Epaphus_ or _Epopeus_, and between them inserted twelve feigned Kings of
_Sicyon_, who made no wars, nor did any thing memorable, and yet Reigned
five hundred and twenty years, which is, one with another, above forty and
three years a-piece. If these feigned Kings be rejected, and the two Kings
_Apis_ and _Epopeus_ be reunited; _AEgialeus_ will become contemporary to
his brother _Phoroneus_, as he ought to be; for _Apis_ or _Epopeus_, and
_Nycteus_ the guardian of _Labdacus_, were slain in battle about the tenth
year of _Solomon_, as above; and the first four Kings of _Sicyon_,
_AEgialeus_, _Europs_, _Telchin_, _Apis_, after the rate of about twenty
years to a Reign, take up about eighty years; and these years counted
upwards from the tenth year of _Solomon_, place the beginning of the Reign
of _AEgialeus_ upon the twelfth year of _Samuel_, or thereabout: and about
that time began the Reign of _Phoroneus_ at _Argos_; _Apollodorus_ [201]
calls _Adrastus_ King of _Argos_; but _Homer_ [202] tells us, that he
Reigned first at _Sicyon_: he was in the first war against _Thebes_. Some
place _Janiscus_ and _Phaestus_ between _Polybus_ and _Adrastus_, but
without any certainty.

_Lelex_ might come with his people into _Laconia_ in the days of _Eli_, and
leave his territories to his sons _Myles_, _Eurotas_, _Cleson_, and
_Polycaon_ in the days of _Samuel_. _Myles_ set up a quern, or handmill to
grind corn, and is reputed the first among the _Greeks_ who did so: but he
flourished before _Triptolemus_, and seems to have had his corn and
artificers from _Egypt_. _Eurotas_ the brother, or as some say the son of
_Myles_, built _Sparta_, and called it after the name of his daughter
_Sparta_, the wife of _Lacedaemon_, and mother of _Eurydice_. _Cleson_ was
the father of _Pylas_ the father of _Sciron_, who married the daughter of
_Pandion_ the son of _Erechtheus_, and contended with _Nisus_ the son of
_Pandion_ and brother of _AEgeus_, for the Kingdom; and _AEacus_ adjudged it
to _Nisus_. _Polycaon_ invaded _Messene_, then peopled only by villages,
called it _Messene_ after the name of his wife, and built cities therein.

_Cecrops_ came from _Sais_ in _Egypt_ to _Cyprus_, and thence into
_Attica_: and he might do this in the days of _Samuel_, and marry _Agraule_
the daughter of _Actaeus_, and succeed him in _Attica_ soon after, and leave
his Kingdom to _Cranaus_ in the Reign of _Saul_, or in the beginning of the
Reign of _David_: for the flood of _Deucalion_ happened in the Reign of
_Cranaus_.

Of about the same age with _Pelasgus_, _Inachus_, _Lelex_, and _Actaeus_,
was _Ogyges_: he Reigned in _Boeotia_, and some of his people were
_Leleges_: and either he or his son _Eleusis_ built the city _Eleusis_ in
_Attica_, that is, they built a few houses of clay, which in time grew into
a city. _Acusilaus_ wrote that _Phoroneus_ was older than _Ogyges_, and
that _Ogyges_ flourished 1020 years before the first Olympiad, as above;
but _Acusilaus_ was an _Argive_, and feigned these things in honour of his
country: to call things _Ogygian_ has been a phrase among the ancient
_Greeks_, to signify that they are as old as the first memory of things;
and so high we have now carried up the Chronology of the _Greeks_.
_Inachus_ might be as old as _Ogyges_, but _Acusilaus_ and his followers
made them seven hundred years older than the truth; and Chronologers, to
make out this reckoning, have lengthened the races of the Kings of _Argos_
and _Sicyon_, and changed several contemporary Princes of _Argos_ into
successive Kings, and inserted many feigned Kings into the race of the
Kings of _Sicyon_.

_Inachus_ had several sons, who Reigned in several parts of _Peloponnesus_,
and there built Towns; as _Phoroneus_, who built _Phoronicum_, afterwards
called _Argos_, from _Argus_ his grandson; _AEgialeus_, who built _AEgialea_,
afterwards called _Sicyon_, from _Sicyon_ the grandson of _Erechtheus_;
_Phegeus_, who built _Phegea_, afterwards called _Psophis_, from _Psophis_
the daughter of _Lycaon_: and these were the oldest towns in _Peloponnesus_
then _Sisyphus_, the son of _AEolus_ and grandson of _Hellen_, built
_Ephyra_, afterwards called _Corinth_; and _Aethlius_, the son of _AEolus_,
built _Elis_: and before them _Cecrops_ built _Cecropia_, the cittadel of
_Athens_; and _Lycaon_ built _Lycosura_, reckoned by some the oldest town
in _Arcadia_; and his sons, who were at least four and twenty in number,
built each of them a town; except the youngest, called _Oenotrus_, who grew
up after his father's death, and sailed into _Italy_ with his people, and
there set on foot the building of towns, and became the _Janus_ of the
_Latines_. _Phoroneus_ had also several children and grand-children, who
Reigned in several places, and built new towns, as _Car_, _Apis_, &c. and
_Haemon_, the son of _Pelasgus_, Reigned in _Haemonia_, afterwards called
_Thessaly_, and built towns there. This division and subdivision has made
great confusion in the history of the first Kingdoms of _Peloponnesus_, and
thereby given occasion to the vain-glorious _Greeks_, to make those
kingdoms much older than they really were: but by all the reckonings
abovementioned, the first civilizing of the _Greeks_, and teaching them to
dwell in houses and towns, and the oldest towns in _Europe_, could scarce
be above two or three Generations older than the coming of _Cadmus_ from
_Zidon_ into _Greece_; and might most probably be occasioned by the
expulsion of the Shepherds out of _Egypt_ in the days of _Eli_ and
_Samuel_, and their flying into _Greece_ in considerable numbers: but it's
difficult to set right the Genealogies and Chronology of the Fabulous Ages
of the _Greeks_, and I leave these things to be further examined.

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Joanna C. Colcord - "Broken Homes"

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Various - "The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 12, No. 74, December, 1863"

George W. Peck - "Peck's Compendium of Fun"