Women Wage Earners by Helen Campbell

H >> Helen Campbell >> Women Wage Earners

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Evils recognized, 94.

Evolution, woman's industrial activity in harmony with, 270.

Expenses, average of working-women in Massachusetts, 118.

Factory, system, 75, 90;
girls, 78;
Lowell girls, 79;
laws, 81, 85, 235, 275;
conditions, 82, 84;
hours, 86;
women in, 89;
employments, effects of, 91;
ventilation, 92;
inspection, 222, 275;
married women in, 229;
movement, 92, 93.

Fair house, standard of, 262.

Families, condition of, 113.

Family life, demoralization of, 271.

Fawcett, Henry, opposition to women in trades, 20.

Fines, system of, 230, 233;
in stores, 258.

Florida, women workers in, 110.

Fortescue, 53.

France, hours of labor in, 183.

Fry, Eleanor, 63.

Fuller, Margaret, 119.

Furriers, 46.

Georgia, women workers in, 110.

Germany, attitude of Emperor William, 11;
hours of labor in, 185.

"Germinal," 174.

Gilman, N.P., on profit-sharing, 267.

Gloves, home manufacture of, 63.

Godfrey's Cordial in infant mortality, 147.

Greeley, Horace, 119.

Guilds, 45;
expulsion of women from, 47.

Habits, personal, as affecting efficiency, 14.

Half-time system for children, 113.

Harkness, Margaret, 154.

Harland, Sarah, on work for uneducated women, 253.

Harrison, Frederick, 17, 18.

Health, in factory employments, 91;
of working-women in Massachusetts, 113.

Homes, of working-people, 112;
for girls, 191;
in cities, 222, 226, 250.

Hosiery and knitting, women employed in, 108.

Hours of labor, in Massachusetts, 117;
in Michigan, 206;
in stores, 258.

Huxley, Thomas, description of London parish, 9, 10.

Idaho, working-women in, 110.

Ideals, alteration of, called for, 271.

Illinois, women workers in, 110.

Immobility of labor, 18, 19.

Income, defined, 127;
average, in Massachusetts, 116.

Indiana, women workers in, 110.

Indianapolis, average wage in, 139.

Individual development, 272.

Industrial, education, 252;
efficiency, 14.

Industries open to women in the United States, 124.

Infant mortality, 147.

Insanity among workers, 254.

Intellectual degeneracy of factory operatives, 91, 93.

Intelligence, effect on efficiency, 14;
effect of factory system on, 91.

Intemperance produced by factory system, 91.

Iowa, women workers in, 110;
labor bureau, 122.
"Iphigenia in Tauris," 31.

Irish, emigration, 84;
industries, 159.

Iron law of wages, defined and denounced, 15;
applicable to unskilled labor, 15.

Jevons, W.S., 147.

Justice, education in, 271;
a soul-growth, 273, 274.

Kansas, women workers in, 110;
labor bureau, 122;
average wage in, 89.

Kay, Dr., 89.

Kelley, Florence, 264.

Kettle, Rupert, on arbitration, 268.

Knights of Labor, on women's work, 270.

Knitting, 74;
and hosiery trades, women in, 108.

Labor, degradation of, 35;
unskilled in colonies, 58;
child, 86;
effect of out-door, on pregnant mothers, 147;
unskilled, a cause of low wages, 271;
bureaus, their work in relation to women, 110
(_see_ also under each State);
Father of, 115;
mobility of, 17;
Congress in Belgium, 175;
hours of, in Germany, 185,
in France, 183,
in Austria, 185,
in Belgium, 186,
in Switzerland, 186.

Laborer does not receive his share, 13.

Lace-making, women employed in, 48, 108;
in Ireland, 159;
in Nottingham, 268.

Lecky, W.H., 89.

Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul, 165, 167, 251.

Levasseur, E., 161.

Lille, cave-dwellers in, 168.

"London, Bitter Cry of Outcast," 9, 196;
poverty, 9, 10.

Louis le Jeune, 46.

Louis, Saint, "Institutions" of, 46.

Louisiana, women workers in, 110.

Louisville, Ky., weekly wage in, 139.

Love, law of, ends conflict, 274.

Lowell factory-girl, 93.

Lowell, Josephine Shaw, 267.

Luther, 44.

Lynn, Mass., shoe-making industry of, 99.

Machinery, effects on woman's labor, 252.

Maine, Sir Henry, 42.

Maine, women employed in, 110;
in shoe-making, 99;
labor bureau, 123;
average wages, 139.

Manual training, in California, 122.
(_See_ also education.)

Marriage, 27, 38.

Married women in factories, 91, 118.

Massachusetts, Bureau of Labor reports, 99, 101, 111;
census of women workers in, 110, 116;
average wages in, 139.

Match-making dangers, 221.

Mazzini on freedom, 273.

Men oppose admission of women to trades, 20.

Men's furnishing-goods, women employed in, 108.

Michigan, women workers in, 110.

Millinery, women employed in, 108;
readily organized trade, 254.

Mines, women in, 174.

Minnesota, women employed in, 110;
labor bureau, 122;
average wage, 141.

Mississippi, working-women in, 110.

Missouri, women workers in, 110.

Mobility of labor, 17.

Modern processes involve risk, 115.

Montana, working-women in, 110.

Mundella, Arthur, on arbitration, 268.

Nebraska, working-women in, 110.

Needle, resource of unskilled woman laborers, 22.

Nevada, women workers in, 110.

Newark, average wage in, 139.

New England, shoe operatives in, 100.

New Hampshire, women in shoe-making industry in, 99;
total women workers, 110.

New Jersey, factory evils in, 94;
women workers employed, 110;
average wage, 141.

New Mexico, working-women in, 110.

New Orleans, average wages in, 139.

New York, Labor Bureau reports, 94, 119;
factory evils, 94;
total women workers in State, 110;
average wage in, 141.

New York City, average wage in, 139;
percentage of women
workers in, 109;
"Tribune" stirs in sewing-women's behalf, 119.

North Carolina, total women employed in, 110.

Nott, Mrs., 66.

Nottingham lace manufacture, 268.

Offices, intelligence, 247.

Ohio, women employed in, 110.

Oregon, working-women in, 110.

Organization among women, in France, 166;
in cities, 206;
in England, 253, 255.

Parent-Duchalet, 171.

Pauperism and crime in labor reports, 113.

Pay, just, the first remedy, 25;
equal for both sexes, 257.

Peck, Charles F., work in New York, 119.

Pennsylvania, working-women in, 110.

Perkins, Mrs. Thomas, 65.

Philadelphia, average weekly wage in, 139.

Plato, 35.

Post-office, employment of women in, objected to, 21.

Potter, Beatrice, 154.

Poverty, no more desperate in Europe than in the United States, 9,
in London, 9,10;
produced by factory system, 91.

Prejudice, born of ignorance, etc., to be dismissed, 13.

Profit-sharing between employer and employed, 267.

Prostitution, fed by factory system, 91, 92;
by domestic service, 93;
statistics in, 171, 210;
recruited from factories, 114.

Providence, average weekly wage in, 139.

Quesnay, 54.

Question of the day, the economic one, 7.

Questions, three, to be answered, 13.

Ranke, on air required, 92.

Remedies, just pay the first, 251.

Reports, labor, six divisions of, 115. (_See_ also under various
States.)

Reybaud's "History of the Factory Movement," 92.

Rhode Island, working-women in, 110;
average wage in, 141.

Rice, Commissioner, deals with women wage-earners in Colorado report,
122, 123.

Richmond, Va., average weekly wage in, 139.

Robinson, Henry A., Michigan Labor Bureau work, 123.

Robinson, Mrs. H.H., 79.

Rogers, Thorold, 55;
value of his work, 15, 16.

Saleswomen, 131.

San Francisco, average weekly wage in, 139.

Sanitary conditions of factories and of operatives' homes, 92.

San Jose, average weekly wage in, 139.

Savannah, average weekly wage in, 139.

Savings of Massachusetts working-women, 118.

Seamstresses, in Paris, 163;
in New York, 163.

Seats in shops, 220.

Sewing-women, feeling stirred in behalf of, 119.

Sex, disability of, in the way of mobility of labor, 18.

"Sharing the Profits," by Mary W. Calkins, 267.

Shearman, T.G., on irregularity of conditions in the United States, 8.

Shirt-making, women in, 108.

Shoe-making, women in, 98, 99.

Silk-growing, 64, 65.

Silk industry, women and children in, 95, 108.

Silk manufactory, women and children in, in Italy, 179.

Simon, Jules, 163.

Single and married, proportion of, among working-women, 118.

Smith, Adam, 54;
summary of causes for difference in wages, 16.

Social life of working-people, 114.

Society, women workers frowned on by, 97.

Solidarity of humanity, 274.

Soul-moulding, Mazzini on, 273.

South Carolina, working-women in, 110.

Spinning-classes, 60;
patriotic, 63.

Statistics inadequate as to early conditions, 75.

Stevens, Dr., on increase of insanity, 254.

Stores, condition of women and children in, 258.

St. Louis, average weekly wage in, 139.

St. Paul, average weekly wage in, 139.

Straw-braiding in New England, 68, 100, 101;
straw-goods trade, women in, 108.

Sully, 53.

Supply and demand, 23.

Sweating-system, 150, 235;
parliamentary investigation of, end of report on, 153.

Tacitus, 38.

Technical education, as affecting efficiency, 14.

Tenement-house manufacture, 256.

Tennessee, working-women in, 110.

Tertullian, 40.

Texas, working-women in, 110.

Textile industries, women in, 98.

Thucydides, opinion of, 32.

Tobacco trade, women in, 110.

Trades, admission of women to, barred by men, 20;
women employed in, 108.

Tramp question, in labor reports, 113.

Trusts, alarm caused by growth of, 11.

Turgot, 54.

Tutelage, perpetual, of women, 36.

Umbrellas and canes, women employed in, 108.

Unemployed, condition of, 113.

Union, Working-Women's Protective, 230.

United States, Labor Bureau Reports on working-women, 124.

Unskilled labor, in majority, 22;
fierce competition in, 22;
surplus of, following Civil War, 101.

Utah, working-women in, 110.

Vacations of working-women in Massachusetts, 117.

Value of laborer's service to employer, elements of, 14.

Vapors, dangers of, in manufacture, 214.

Vegetables, cultivation of, by women, 263.

Vermont, working-women in, 110.

Vincent, Madame, 165.

Villerme, 169, 176.

Wage rates, present, in United States, 126.

Wages, why men receive more than women, 14, 21;
effect of industrial efficiency on, 14;
iron law of, 15;
effort to make standard of life conform to, 15;
tendency to a minimum, 16;
Adam Smith for causes of difference in, 16;
in stores, 259;
final effect of woman's work on, 270;
not fixed, 35;
field, 58;
eighteenth-century, 62;
in France, 161;
in Russia, 181;
New York, 129;
decrease in, 226;
in clothing, 130;
in Connecticut, 133;
in Italy, 181;
in California, 134;
Colorado, 135;
Iowa, 136;
Kansas, 136;
Maine, 134;
Minnesota, 135;
Michigan, 138;
Rhode Island, 134;
average, per State, 141;
average, for all cities, 141;
average, by cities, 139;
definition of, 127.

Wages question the question of the day, 7.

Wales, women in industries in, 160.

Walker, Gen. F.A., on differences in efficiency, 14;
difficulties of census enumeration, 104.

Ward, Lester F., 26.

Wealth, ratio of increase greater than that of population, 8;
greater aggregation of, in the United States than in Great Britain, 9.

Weavers of Baltimore, 81.

Weaving, colonial, 60.

West Virginia, working-women in, 110.

Widows, proportion of, among other workers, 118.

Windows, nailing down of, 62.

Wisconsin, average wage in, 141;
working-women in, 110.

Wives' earnings, 113.

Woman, primeval, 27;
Roman, 36;
property of, 52;
petition of, in France, 55;
International Council of, 79.

Women-workers, percentage of, in Philadelphia, Pittsburg, New York,
Lowell, Manchester, Wilmington, Del., 108, 109;
according to States, 110;
of Boston, 114, 116;
industries open to, in large cities, 124;
development of her intelligence necessary, 251;
in German mines, 11;
why their wages are less than men's, 14;
their trades highly localized, 19;
entrance into trades barred by men, 20;
increase of, in the United States, 98;
total numbers of, in the United States, in 1860, 103;
in 1870, 105;
in 1880, 105;
occupations according to Census of 1880, 106.

Woollen and cotton industries, 98, 108.

Working-girls' clubs, conditions of, 257.

Working-Woman's Journal, 255.

Working-Women's Protective Union, 255.

Working-Women's Society of New York, its aims, 256.

Worsted and woollen trades, women and children in, 108.

Wright, Carroll D., 115.

Wyoming, working-women in, 110.

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