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Montcalm and Wolfe by Francis Parkman

F >> Francis Parkman >> Montcalm and Wolfe




New France, ends with Quebec surrender, 556
(_See also_ Canada)

New Hampshire, votes men for Crown Point expedition, 207
raises men for Canadian war, 409

New Jersey, refuses funds for Ohio Valley defense, 132
Indian massacres in, 295

New York in 1750's, 45-46
refuses funds for Ohio Valley defense, 131
votes funds after Fort Necessity defeat, 132
votes troops to fight French, 207
conflict between Governor and Assembly, 248
Indian massacres in, 295
celebrates fall of Louisbourg, 403-404

Necessity, Fort (_See_ Great Meadows)

Niagara expedition, 228-234
march to Oswego, 229-230
difficulties of, 230-233
expeditions abandoned, 234
disastrous results to settlers, 234-248

Niagara, Fort,
British besiege, 511
reinforcements fail, 513-514
fort surrenders, 515-516
garrison saved from Indians, 516
importance of its capture, 516

Nicholson, General, conquers Acadia, 82

Nipissing Indians, 50, 72, 122, 235
burial customs of, 340

Nova Scotia (_See_ Acadia)

Nuns at Quebec (_See_ Ursulines)


O

Ochterlony, Captain, with Wolfe, rescued by French from scalping, 505

Ogden, Captain, 520, 521

Ohio Company, the, 58-59
trading posts of, 115, 116
its posts destroyed by French, 127

Ohio Valley (_See also_ Celoron de Bienville)
French claims in, 48-58
Indians of, 50, 107, 112, 119, 122
English claims in, 58-64
Virginia and Pennsylvania disputes over, 63
importance as key to West, 64

Ohio Valley battles, 106-127
France establishes forts, 106-108
illness among French, 107-108
Virginia protests invasion, 108-111
English colonies refuse help, 113-114, 129ff.
French detachment defeated, 116-118
Indians join French, 122
French victory at Great Meadows, 125-127
French and British losses, 125 and n.

Ojibwa Indians, 78, 107, 157, 335

Oneida Indians, 276, 357, 436-437

Onondaga Indians, 134-276

Orme, Captain Robert, Aide-de-Camp to Braddock, 146, 153
wounded in ambush, 164
describes the ambush, 170-171

Osage Indians, 77

Osborn, Admiral, intercepts French fleet, 386

Osgood, Captain, in Acadia, 196, 198

Oswego, English fur trading post, 49
its attraction to Indians, 68-69

Oswego, Fort, battle for, 285-291
sickness and hunger of troops, 279
weakness of defenses, 280
camp conditions, 286
surrender to French, 289
losses at, 289-290
burned, 290
Loudon blames Shirley for loss, 293

Ottawa Indians, 50, 61, 78, 122, 157, 333, 335


P

Paris, treaty of, (1763), 619

Parkman, William, comments on Abercromby, 411

Parker, Colonel of Fort William Henry, 334

Patton, John, English trader, 75

Pean, Chevalier, 80, 106-107, 359, 367, 368
his frauds, 372
jailed and tried, 605

Pean, Mme., 80, 372

Penn, Thomas and Richard, 240-241

Penn, William, 46

Pennahouel, Ottawa Chief, 336, 337

Peniseault, Antoine, accomplice of Bigot, 367-368
jailed and tried for fraud, 605

Peniseault, Mme., 372-373

Pennsylvania in 1750's, 44-45
refuses funds for Ohio Valley defense, 130-131, 240ff.
Indian massacres in, 235-248, 295
conflict between Governor and Assembly, 240-247

Pepperell, regiment of, 229, 270

Periere, leads Indian war party, 299-300

Peter the Great of Russia, 36

Peter the III of Russia, 614

Petrie, John lost, Indian prisoner, 357

Peyton, Lieutenant, escapes scalping, 504-505

Philadelphia, celebrates Louisbourg victory, 403

Phillips, Lieutenant of Rogers' Rangers, 360
massacred, 362

Piankishaws, 77

Pichon, Thomas, British spy, 179 and n.

Pickawillany, Miami Indian town, 57
destroyed by French, 78-79

Piquet, Abbe, French missionary, 49, 58, 71, 336, 624
his appearance and character, 65
his success as missionary to Indians, 66-72, 134
schemes to drive English from Ohio, 68, 70
plants cross in Oswego ruins, 290
joins Indian attack on British, 512

Pitt, William, 29, 430
his fierce patriotism, 31, 138, 324, 382
made Secretary of State, 381
his character and abilities, 381-382, 384
turns efforts towards America, 385-387
recalls General Loudon, 385
asks and gets men from Colonies, 408
names Wolfe commander of Quebec expedition, 477
disliked by George III, 609-610
breaks off peace conference with French, 611-612
proposes to attack Spain, 612
opposed and resigns, 613
denounces treaty of Paris, 619

Pitt, Fort, 457

Pittsburg, new name for Fort Duquesne, 457

Pococke, Admiral Sir George, takes Havana, 615-616

Pomeroy, Rev. Benjamin, watches army leave for Niagara, 508

Pomeroy, Daniel, with Crown Point expedition, 210, 219

Pomeroy, Seth, comments on Crown Point march, 213

Pompadour, Mme. de, 25, 35, 139, 610
her hatred of Frederic the Great, 251-252
her power in France, 382-383

Pontiac, Indian Chief, 157, 164

Pontleroy, French engineer, 418

Pontbriand, Bishop at Quebec, 526
administers last rites to Montcalm, 555

Portneuf, French officer, 69

Portneuf, Cure, killed and scalped, 524

Post, Frederic, Moravian envoy to Indians, 447-451
dangers of his mission, 448-449
his success, 451

Pottawattamie Indians, 107, 157, 305, 335

Pouchout, Captain, Commandant at Niagara, 360, 421
besieged by British, 512
reinforcements fail him, 513-514
surrenders, 515
made commandant of Fort Levis, 595
surrenders to Amherst, 595

Poulariez, Lieutenant-Colonel, 551, 553

Pownall, Massachusetts Governor (1758), 408-409

Preble, Major Jedediah, 200

Presentation, la, French mission, 65-66, 69, 72n.
(_See also_ Piquet, Abbe)

Prevost, Intendant at Louisbourg, 90-91

Prideaux, British Brigadier, sent to take Niagara, 507
begins siege, 511
killed in action, 513

Pringle, Captain, British volunteer with Rogers' Rangers, 360-361
lost in forest, 362-363
saved from Indians by French officers, 363

Prussia (_See_ Frederick the Great)

Puritanism in New England, 42

Putnam, Israel, 210
his expert scouting praised, 299
at Ticonderoga, 416
captured by Indians, 433
his tortures, 434-435
rescued by Marin, 435
prisoner in Montreal, 436
exchanged, 436

Puysieux, Marquis de, 35

Pynchon, Dr., 220


Q

Quakers, characteristics of, 239
cause of military paralysis, 240-248
their quarrel with Presbyterians, 239
attitude toward Indians, 239
influence in Pennsylvania, 240-248
oppose defense of borders against Indians, 295

Quebec, (_See also_ Montcalm _and_ Vaudreuil)
Montcalm's praise of, 316
suspense over threat to, 324
Montcalm prefers to Montreal, 358, 360

Quebec, Siege of, 481-505, 523-548
threatened with attack, 468, 482
Montcalm and Vaudreuil arrive, 483
troops and Indians pour in, 483
patriotism of its people, 484
English fleet starts up the St. Lawrence, 486
nature of the countryside, 488-489
city's strength as natural fortress, 489
British army lands below, 489
fire ships fail to harm British, 491-492, 501
steady bombardment of, 494-498, 526
British treatment of prisoners, 498-501
French victory at Montmorenci, 523
sickness in Wolfe's army, 526
short rations of French, 526
Wolfe plans new attack, 531-532
heights of Abraham scaled, 540-542
British army forms on plains of Abraham, 543
French forces attack, 544
defeat and rout of French, 546-549
death of Wolfe, 546
death of Montcalm, 547, 555
French and British losses, 547n., 548, 552, 637-638

Quebec, fall of, 549-567
Vaudreuil's behavior after defeat, 550-551, 553, 558
army flees the city, 554
New France ends with, 556
Vaudreuil's responsibility for, 559
garrison refuses to fight, 559
city surrenders, 559
ruin and chaos from bombardment, 567-568

Quebec, under British rule, 571-588
troops suffer from cold and sickness, 571-572, 575
rumors of French attack, 573-574
French try to retake, 580-586
British ships arrive and French retire, 587


R

Ramesay, Chevalier de, commandant at Quebec, 485
refuses Montcalm artillery, 544
left without supplies after battle, 556
forced to surrender, 559

Raymond, Comte de, 57, 77
harasses British in Acadia, 89

Raymal, Abbe, 189

Rea, Dr. Caleb, 429, 430

Repentigny, Lieutenant, 495-496, 589

Rhode Island, votes to fight French, 207

Richelieu, Cardinal, 34

Richelieu, Duc de, 384

Rigaud (brother of Vaudreuil), 317, 319, 320, 329, 410
commands William Henry attack, 311-313
attack fails, 313

Robinson, John, his Story of Wolfe, 539

Robinson, Sir Thomas, Secretary to Duke of Newcastle, 138
William Pitt's opinion of, 138-139
gives Braddock secret orders, 141
authorizes attack on Beausejour, 177-178

Roche, Lieutenant, British volunteer with Rogers Rangers, 360-361
lost in forest, 362-363
saved from Indians by French officers, 363

Rochbeau court, 589

Rodney, British Admiral, takes Martinique, 615

Rogers, Lieutenant Richard, 301

Rogers, Major Robert, Commander of Rogers Rangers, 274, 300
his raids into Canada, 301-302
reconnoitres Ticonderoga, 303-304
raids outskirts of fort, 307-309, 360
his group cut to pieces, 361-362
his report of fight, 363n.-364
activities in Ticonderoga Campaign, 412-415
ambushed near Fort Edward, 433-434
sent to destroy Abenaki town, 517
instructed to spare women and children, 519
takes and burns town, 520
miseries of return trip, 520-521
at Quebec siege, 524

Rollo, Lord, 591

Roma, French officer, comments on British rule in Acadia, 85-86

Roquemaure, 215, 593, 594

Roubaud, French missionary, 331ff.
goes over to the English, 566n.

Rouille, De, French Colonial Minister, 91n.

Rous, British Navy Captain, 97
convoys troops to Nova Scotia, 182
watches attacks on Beausejour, 183
occupies Beausejour, 185

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 35

Russia, 36

Ryswick, treaty of, 52


S

St.-Florentin, Comte de, 35

Saint-Julien, Lieutenant-Colonel, 392

St. Paul, sacked and burned by British, 524

Saint-Pierre, Legardeur de,
French Commander of Ohio expedition, 107, 108, 110, 214
killed, 218

Sainte-Foy, battle of, 580-588
French and British losses, 583
near disaster for British, 584
strength of both forces, 642-643

Saunders, Admiral of Wolfe's Quebec fleet, 477, 478, 528
his feint to deceive Montcalm, 537
takes Wolfe's remains to England, 560

Saxe, Marshal of France, 32
comment on Mirepoix, 139
death of, 139

Saxony, joins league against Prussia, 251

Scarroyaddy, Indian Chief, 154

Schuyler, Colonel, prisoner in Montreal, 435

Schuyler, Mrs. of Albany, 413
her affection for Lord Howe, 413
her grief at his death, 417

Scotch regiments, 414, 424, 452ff.

Scott, Lieutenant Colonel George, 181, 183

Sejur, Comte de, 36

Seneca Indians, 53, 134

Senezerques, French Brigadier, 552

Seven Years War in Europe, 25
effect on world history, 26

Sewell, Colonel Matthew, 222

Sharpe, Maryland Governor, 146

Shawanoe Indians, 50, 55-56, 60, 62, 107, 157, 234, 275, 276

Shepherd, Captain, 303

Shirley, Captain John, son of Governor William Shirley, 230-232
death of, 23 In.

Shirley, William, son of Governor William Shirley, Secretary to
Braddock, 144, 146
his opinion of Braddock, 144, 153
his comments on Robert Orme, 153
killed in ambush, 164

Shirley, William, Massachusetts Governor, 241ff.
at Versailles Conference, 102
asked to help Virginia against French, 114
gets grant for expedition, 132
attends Braddocks' Conference, 146
his marriage in Paris, 147
advocates taxation of colonies, 148
takes command after Braddock's death, 173
orders renewed attack on Fort Duquesne, 173
his plan for removal of Acadians, 175, 188
his plan to capture Beausejour, 177-178, 181-182
names William Johnson as commander of Crown Point expedition, 207
his Niagara Campaign, 228-234
his plans to master Lake Ontario, 269
superseded in command, 270
reasons for failure of his plans, 292-293
blamed by General Loudon for Oswego loss, 293
his defense, 294
recalled to England, 294
made Governor of Bahamas, 294

Sinclair, Sir John, opens road for Braddock, 161
wounded in ambush, 164
advises on route to Fort Duquesne, 440
his inefficiency, 443
his annoyance with Indians, 444

Smith, James, treatment as Indian captive, 158 and n.
sees ambush of Braddock, 165
sees prisoners burned to death, 166

Smith, William, his feat at Ticonderoga, 424

Spain, secret negotiations with Choiseul, 612
loses Havana, Manila, and the Philippines, 616
gets Cuba back and cedes Florida, 618

Speakman, Captain, 200

Spikeman, Captain of Rogers Rangers, 307
killed, 308

Stanwix, General, builds Fort Pitt, 457
goes to reinforce Pittsburg, 507

Stark, Lieutenant John, 210, 301, 307-308, 310, 313, 415

Stephen, Adam, reports on Great Meadows, 125n.

Stephen, Lieutenant-Colonel, 444, 521

Stevens, his escape from Quebec, 534

Stewart, Captain, with Braddock, 164

Stobo, Major Robert, hostage to French at Fort Necessity, 125
his letters, 157n.
his escape from Quebec, 534

Stuarts, the, defeat at Culloden, 29

Sweden, joins league against Prussia, 251


T

Teedyuscung, Delaware Chief, 447

Titcomb, Moses, 210
killed, 220

Toronto, early days of, 69

Ticonderoga, Fort, 408-427
defenses strengthened, 263
description of first fort, 266
center for French-Indian raiding parties, 298, 300
troops withdrawn, 305
Montcalm's forces at, 329-335
provisioning problems, 331
British forces gather for attack, 410
British advance, 413-416
difficulties of the advance, 415-417
Lord Howe's death, 416-417
French defense and victory, 418-426
French and British losses, 425
Colonial report on defeat, 428-429
finally falls to Amherst, 510
French accounts of battle, 634-635

Townshend, Captain, fails in attempt to halt German Flats Massacre,
357
killed at Ticonderoga, 509

Townshend, Charles, Secretary of War (1761), 610

Townshend, George Brigadier with Wolfe, 478, 527, 532, 542
commands after Wolfe's death, 552
Quebec surrenders to him, 559

Trent, William, English trader, 52, 112, 115
reports on Indian massacres, 243

Trepezec, French officer, 415ff.

Turner, Lieutenant of Rogers Rangers, 520

Turnois, Father, 66


U

Ursulines, hospital of, 569-570

Utrecht, treaty of, 52, 75, 157
gives Acadia to England, 82, 84, 102


V

Valtry, M. de, 72

Vanbraam, Captain, French interpreter, 109
negotiates surrender of Fort Necessity, 125
kept as hostage, 125

Vannes, French officer at Beausejour, 183, 184

Varin, Naval Commissary in Canada, 367
his frauds, 367
jailed and tried, 373

Vaudreuil, Marquis de, appointed Governor of Canada
in 1754, 140, 298, 323, 525 557, 561
sends Dieskau to defend Crown Point, 209
meets Montcalm, 258-259
strengthens posts on Lake Ontario, 265
Montcalm's opinion of, 265-266
sends Indians to Ticonderoga, 305
exaggerates British losses, 309, 310n., 358n.
resents and disparages Montcalm, 318, 320-321, 355 460-470, 561-563
takes credit for all success, 318-319, 356
dislike of French Regulars, 319-320, 322-323
character traits of, 322
encourages Indian massacres, 355-356, 358, 525
intrigues to replace Montcalm, 359, 461
fails to save Ticonderoga, 410
his boasts and exaggerations, 445-446, 464, 482, 483, 532-533
Montcalm placed over him, 462
his defense of Quebec, 481-505
his blunders and indecision, 526, 544, 551-553, 556
responsibility for loss of Quebec, 559
blames Ramesay for surrender, 561
corruption of his government (_See also_ Bigot) 373-374, 562,
563
retires to Montreal, 576
prepares Montreal defense, 589-590, 593
forced to surrender, 597-598
rebuked by Louis XV, 599
sails for France, 604
jailed and tried for fraud, 605

Vaudreuil, Rigaudde, (_See_ Rigaud)

Vauquelin, bravery of, 395
captured by British, 586

Verchires, M. de, 72

Vergor, Duchambon de, Commandant of Beausejour, 177
his appearance and character, 178-179
Le Loutre and, 179
besieged by British, 182-184
surrenders the fort, 185
his trial for cowardice and acquittal, 186, 535
guards heights of Abraham, 533, 535
captured by Wolfe's men, 540

Vicars, Captain John, 279-280

Villeray, Commandant at Fort Gaspereau, surrenders to British, 186
tried for cowardice, 186

Villiers, Coulon de, French officer, 121-122
marches on Fort Necessity, 123ff.
defeats Washington's forces, 125-127
marches on Oswego and repulsed, 277
taken prisoner, 515

Virginia in 1750's, 43-44
refuses funds for Ohio Valley defense, 112
social life in Williamsburg, 128-129
votes funds after Fort Necessity defeat, 129-130
Indian massacres in, 235 238-239, 267
fear of slave uprisings, 236

Vitre, Denis de, forced to pilot British fleet, 486

Voltaire, 25, 35
letter from Frederick the Great, 607


W

Waggoner, Captain, 163, 236

Walpole, Horace, 29
opinion of Edward Cornwallis, 83
of Braddock, 144-148
of Duke of Newcastle, 137-138
comments on George Townshend, 478
on Wolfe and Quebec victory, 564-565
on French siege of Quebec, 587
on death of George II, 609
on Pitt, 619

Ward, Ensign, surrenders to French, 115

Warde, George, Wolfe's boyhood friend, 476

Washington, George, 25, 58, 106-127, 167
as envoy to French at Fort le Boeuf, 108-111
adventure at Murdering Town, 110-111
defeats French detachment, 116-118
his character at 22 years, 119, 126n., 237-238
defense of Fort Necessity, 120-125
defeat at Fort Necessity, 126-127, 627-628
named Braddock's Aide-de-Camp, 153
describes Braddock's march 159-160
his courage at ambush, 164
describes ambush, 170-171
commands Virginia troops guarding border, 235-237
his difficulties with Governor Dinwiddie, 439
urges capture of Fort Duquesne, 439-440
criticized by Forbes, 441, 443

Waterbury, provincial officer, 299

Webb, Colonel Daniel, 270, 280
sent to relieve Oswego, 284
arrives too late, 290
at Fort Edward, 341, 354
fails to support Fort William Henry, 342-346
his explanation, 343n.
his report to Loudon, 632

Wedell, General, defeat by Russians, 606

Weld, Chaplain, 284 and n.

Weiser, Conrad, Indian interpreter, 67, 71, 126, 246

Wesley, John, 29

West, Captain Benjamin, finds bones of Braddock's men, 457

Whiting, Lieutenant-Colonel, ambushed, 218

Whitmore, brigadier, in Louisbourg expedition, 385, 391-393
becomes Governor after its fall, 403

Whitworth, Dr. Miles, in Acadia, 197
at Fort William Henry Massacre, 350
his report on massacre, 633-634

William Henry, Fort, established, 226
first attack on fort fails, 310-313
threatened by new attack, 329
under siege, 339-347
description of fort, 341
Monro's brave defense of, 343-347
its surrender to Montcalm, 347
Indians break pledge to Montcalm, 348
massacre and atrocities at, 348-352, 353n.
survivors reach Fort Edward, 351-352
fort burned, 352
camp life and health in, 429-432

William of Orange, 29

William III of England, 29

Williams, Ephraim, 210
comments on Crown Point army, 211-212
killed at Lake George, 218

Williams, Stephen, Chaplain with Crown Point expedition, 210, 213

Williams, Thomas, surgeon at Crown Point, 210, 212
at Lake George battle, 219-220
his anxiety for Oswego, 284
report on fall of Oswego, 285

Williams, Colonel William, comment on Oswego loss, 285
his letters on Ticonderoga defeat, 428
his reports of illness at Fort William Henry, 431-432

Williamsburg, Virginia, social life in (1754), 128-129

Winnebago Indians, 335

Winslow, John, 132
raises Massachusetts regiment, 181
leads Colonials at Beausejour, 183 and n.
oversees removal of Acadians, 194-204
his appearance and character, 198
his treatment of Acadians, 199-203
named Commander of Ticonderoga Campaign, 269-270
prepares attack on Ticonderoga, 273-274
confers with General Loudon, 281
at Lake George, 294-295
his praise of Israel Putnam, 299
comments on Crown Point failure, 305
Massachusetts shares cost of his expeditions, 408

Wolfe, Major-General Edward, father of James, 473, 475

Wolfe, Major General James, 83
named head of Louisbourg expedition, 385
his ill health, 391, 406, 475, 527, 529, 534
lands at Louisbourg, 391-393
his siege of Louisbourg, 394 ff.
letters to his family, 405-406, 474-478, 529
his desire to attack Quebec, 405
ordered to destroy French settlements, 406
returns to England, 406
comments on Abercomby, 411
praise of Lord Howe, 412
his appearance and character, 471 ff., 534
his childhood and youth, 473
his early military service, 473-474
named commander of Quebec expedition, 477
lands with British army, 489
difficulties of siege, 489-490, 492
driven back at Montmorenci, 504, 523
retaliates for French barbarities, 524-525
sickness in his troops, 526
his last dispatch to Pitt, 529-530
losses among his men, 531
plans new attack, 531-532
his last general orders, 536
his prestiment of death, 538
his plan of attack, 539
heights taken, 540-541
army forms on plains of Abraham, 542
battle for Quebec, 544-545
his last words after mortal wound, 546
his body returned to England, 560
reports on his siege of Quebec, 638-640

Wolfe, Major Water, Uncle of James, 476
James's letters to, 476, 477, 478

Wooster, Colonel David, at Fort Edward, 274

Wraxall, William Johnson's Secretary, 216n., 226

Wyandot Indians, 59


Z

Zingendorf, Count, 59 and n.

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