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Montcalm and Wolfe by Francis Parkman

F >> Francis Parkman >> Montcalm and Wolfe




_Memoirs of the Siege of Quebec and Total Reduction of Canada,
by John Johnson, Clerk and Quarter-master Sergeant to the
Fifty-eighth Regiment_. A manuscript of 176 pages, written when
Johnson was a pensioner at Chelsea (England). The handwriting
is exceedingly neat and clear; and the style, though often grandiloquent,
is creditable to a writer in his station. This curious production
was found among the papers of Thomas McDonough, Esq., formerly British
Consul at Boston, and is in possession of his grandson, my relative,
George Francis Parkman, Esq., who, by inquiries at the Chelsea Hospital,
learned that Johnson was still living in 1802.

I have read and collated with extreme care all the above authorities,
with others which need not be mentioned.

Among several manuscript maps and plans showing the operations
of the siege may be mentioned one entitled, _Plan of the
Town and Basin of Quebec and Part of the Adjacent Country,
shewing the principal Encampments and Works of the British
Army commanded by Major Gen'l. Wolfe, and those of the French
Army by Lieut. Gen'l. the Marquis of Montcalm_. It is the work
of three engineers of Wolfe's army, and is on a scale of eight
hundred feet to an inch. A facsimile from the original in possession
of the Royal Engineers is before me.

Among the "King's Maps," British Museum (CXIX. 27), is a
very large colored plan of operations at Quebec in 1759, 1760,
superbly executed in minute detail.




Appendix J

Chapter 28. Fall of Quebec


_Death and Burial of Montcalm_.--Johnstone, who had every
means of knowing the facts, says that Montcalm was carried after
his wound to the house of the surgeon Arnoux. Yet it is not quite
certain that he died there. According to Knox, his death took
place at the General Hospital; according to the modern author
of the _Ursulines de Quebec_, at the Chateau St.-Louis. But the
General Hospital was a mile out of the town, and in momentary
danger of capture by the English; while the Chateau had been
made untenable by the batteries of Point Levi, being immediately
exposed to their fire. Neither of these places was one to which the
dying general was likely to be removed, and it is probable that he
was suffered to die in peace at the house of the surgeon.

It has been said that the story of the burial of Montcalm in a
grave partially formed by the explosion of a bomb, rests only
on the assertion in his epitaph, composed in 1761 by the Academy
of Inscriptions at the instance of Bougainville. There is, however,
other evidence of the fact. The naval captain Foligny, writing
on the spot at the time of the burial, says in his Diary, under the
date of September 14: "A huit heures du soir, dans l'eglise des
Ursulines, fut enterre dans une fosse faite sous la chaire _par le
travail de la Bombe_, M. le Marquis de Montcalm, decede du matin
a 4 heures apres avoir recu tous les Sacrements. Jamais General
n'avoit ete plus aime de sa troupe et plus universellement regrette.
Il etoit d'un esprit superieur, doux, gracieux, affable,
familier a tout le monde, ce qui lui avoit fait gagner la confiance
de toute la Colonie: _requiescat in pace_."

The author of _Les Ursulines de Quebec_ says: "Un des projectiles
ayant fait une large ouverture dans le plancher de bas,
on en profita pour creuser la fosse du general."

The _Boston Post Boy and Advertiser_, in its issue of Dec. 3,
1759, contains a letter from "an officer of distinction" at Quebec
to Messrs. Green and Russell, proprietors of the newspaper. This
letter contains the following words: "He [_Montcalm_] died the
next day; and, with a little Improvement, one of our 13-inch Shell-Holes
served him for a Grave."

The particulars of his burial are from the _Acte Mortuaire du
Marquis de Montcalm_ in the registers of the Church of Notre
Dame de Quebec, and from that valuable chronicle, _Les Ursulines
de Quebec_, composed by the Superior of the convent. A nun of
the sisterhood, Mere Aimable Dube de Saint-Ignace, was, when a
child, a witness of the scene, and preserved a vivid memory of
it to the age of eighty-one.




Appendix K

Chapter 29. Sainte-Foy>

STRENGTH OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH AT THE BATTLE OF
STE-FOY


In the Public Record Office (_America and West Indies_, XCIX)
are preserved the tabular returns of the garrison of Quebec for
1759, 1760, sent by Murray to the War Office. They show the
exact condition of each regiment, in all ranks, for every month
of the autumn, winter, and spring. The return made out on the
24th of April, four days before the battle, shows that the total
number of rank and file, exclusive of non commissioned officers
and drummers, was 6,808, of whom 2,612 were fit for duty in
Quebec, and 654 at other places in Canada, that is, at Ste Foy,
Old Lorette, and the other outposts. This gives a total of 3,266
rank and file fit for duty at or near Quebec, besides which there
were between one hundred and two hundred artillerymen, and
a company of rangers. This was Murray's whole available force
at the time. Of the rest of the 6,808 who appear in the return,
2,299 were invalids at Quebec, and 669 in New York, 538 were
on service in Halifax and New York, and 36 were absent on furlough.
These figures nearly answer to the condensed statement of
Fraser, and confirm the various English statements of the numbers
that took part in the battle; namely, 3,140 (Knox), 3,000
(John Johnson), 3,111, and elsewhere, in round numbers, 3,000
(Murray) Levis, with natural exaggeration, says 4,000. Three or
four hundred were left in Quebec to guard the walls when the
rest marched out.

I have been thus particular because a Canadian writer, Garneau,
says "Murray sortit de la ville le 28 au matin a la tete de toute
la garnison, dont les seules troupes de la ligne comptaient encore
7,714 combattants, non compris les officiers." To prove this, he
cites the pay-roll of the garrison, which, in fact, corresponds to
the returns of the same date, if noncommissioned officers, drummers,
and artillerymen are counted with the rank and file. But
Garneau falls into a double error. He assumes, first, that there
were no men on the sick list, and secondly, that there were none
absent from Quebec, when in reality, as the returns show, considerably
more than half were in one or the other of these categories.
The pay-rolls were made out at the headquarters of each
corps, and always included the entire number of men enlisted in
it, whether sick or well, present or absent. On the same fallacious
premises Garneau affirms that Wolfe, at the battle on the Plains
of Abraham, had eight thousand soldiers, or a little less than
double his actual force.

Having stated, as above, that Murray marched out of Quebec
with at least 1,714 effective troops, Garneau, not very consistently,
goes on to say that he advanced against Levis with six thousand
or seven thousand men, and he adds that the two armies were
about equal, because Levis had left some detachments behind to
guard his boats and artillery. The number of the French, after
they had all reached the field, was, in truth, about seven thousand;
at the beginning of the fight it seems not to have exceeded five
thousand. The _Relation de la seconde Bataille de Quebec_ says:
"Notre petite armee consistoit _au moment de l'action_ en 3,000
hommes de troupes reglees et 2,000 Canadiens ou sauvages." A
large number of Canadians came up from Sillery while the affair
went on, and as the whole French army, except the detachments
mentioned by Garneau, had passed the night at no greater distance
from the field than Ste-Foy and Sillery, the last man must
have reached it before the firing was half over.




Index

A
Abenaki Indians, 50, 122, 157, 262, 335
destruction of their town, 520

Abercromby, James, British general, 270, 409, 410, 432, 434, 460
arrives in Albany, 280
praises Robert Rogers, 309, 310n.
joy at fall of Louisbourg, 404
Wolfe's comments on, 411
his blunders, 418, 428
attacks Ticonderoga (1758), 422-424
his defeat, 425
his retreat, 426

Abraham, heights of, 523 (_See also_ Quebec)
Wolfe's plan to climb, 521-532, 537
guarded by Captain de Vergor, 533, 535
surprised and captured, 540

Abraham, Plains of, 542 (_See also_ Quebec)
Wolfe's army forms on, 542
battle for Quebec on, 544-550
rout of French forces,. 546-550
behavior of Canadians, 549-550
French and English losses, 547n.-548, 552, 637-638
report of battle on, 638-639

Acadia (Nova Scotia), Conflict for, 82-106
conquered by Nicholson, 82
ceded to England (1713), 82
guaranteed religious freedom, 82, 87
hostility of French-Canadian authorities, 82, 84, 174-175
English patience and moderation, 83, 85, 94-96, 175
Halifax founded, 84
treachery of French clergy, 86-102
British seize ship in, 97
British-French disputes over boundaries, 102-105
failure to settle boundary disputes, 105
life in, 189-190
emigration under French pressure (1748-1755), 17n.
its value to France, 175-176
British remove settlers, 186-205
delay in finding British settlers, 205

Acadian, oath of allegiance to George II, 83, 87
urged to leave by French, 87, 89, 93ff.
threats of Le Loutre, missionary priest, 93ff., 102, 174
forced from Beaubassin by Le Loutre, 98ff., 174
misery of refugees, 100-102
removal by British, 186-205
reasons for removal, 175, 177, 188-189, 191-193
their misery at Beausejour, 179-180
heartless treatment from French authorities, 180-181
life of, 189-190
powers of church over, 190
refuse pledge of allegiance to George II, 191-193
English treatment of, 625
ordered by priests to join Indian attacks, 626

Adams, Captain, 194, 198

Africa, French driven from, 615
English power in, 615
Senegal ceded to England, 618
Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 31, 38, 102

Albemarle, Lord, British Minister to France (1752), 91n., 139
Lord Chesterfield's comment on, 139
dies in Paris, 142

Albany, New York, in the 1750's, 228-229

Albemarle, Earl of (1761), takes Havana, 615

Alembert, D', 35

Alequippa, Iroquois Chieftoness, 54
joins Washington's men, 120

Algonquin, or Algonkin Indians, 72, 122, 262, 335
divination practices of, 305n.

Allen, Ensign, 152

Amherst, Major-General Jeffry, 516, 526, 527, 531
commands Louisbourg expedition, 385
sails for Halifax, 387
reaches Louisbourg, 390
his siege of Louisbourg, 394-399
Louisbourg surrenders, 401-402
his courtesy to French, 403
takes French posts around Louisbourg, 405
his relations with Wolfe, 406
joins Abercromby, 406, 437
discusses attack on Ticonderoga, 438
prepare for advance on Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Montreal, 507
marches on Ticonderoga, 509
French retreat and fort falls, 510
rebuilds fort, 510, 516
postpones going to Wolfe's aid, 511
finally embarks, 517
turned back by storms, 518
winters at Crown Point, 518
his blunders, 518
his plan to capture Montreal, 590
sails from Oswego, 594
takes Fort Levis, 595
arrives at Montreal, 596
Montreal surrenders, 597-598

Annapolis, Fort (Acadia), 83ff.

Anson, First Lord of the Admiralty (England 1754), 139

Anthonay D', Lieutenant-Colonel, 400

"Apostle of the Iroquois" (_see_ Piquet, Abbe)

Appleton, Nathaniel, 601

Apthorp, Boston merchant, 181

Argens, D', 607
Frederick the Great, letters to, 607-608

Argenson, D', French Minister of War (1743), 35, 252
appoints Montcalm to Canadian Command, 255

Armstrong, Colonel John, destroys Indian stronghold, 296-297

Arnoux, surgeon, Montcalm dies at his house, 556

Ashley, John, 272

Aubry, French officer, 513ff.

Augustus, Elector of Saxony, 32

Austria (_See also_ Maria Theresa)
her defeat at Rossbach, 380
signs treaty of Hubertsburg, 619

Avery, Ensign, 520


B

Bagley, Colonel Jonathon, Fort William Henry commander, 273-274

Barre, Major-General, 528

Barrington, Viscount, 610

Beaubassin (Acadia), occupied by British, 98
Le Loutre forces Acadians to leave, 98ff.

Beaujieu, Captain at Fort Duquesne, 157
plans to ambush Braddock, 158-160

Beausejour, Fort, 100, 177-186
Lawrence authorizes attack on, 177
corruption in, 178-181
siege of, 182-185
its surrender, 185-186
name changed to Fort Cumberland, 186

Bedford, Duke of, 610

Belcher, Governor of New York, 276

Belleisle, Marechalde, French war minister (1758), 376
forced to abandon Canada, 468

Berkeley, Sir William, Governor of Virginia, 44

Bernes, officer with Montcalm, 418

Berniers, Commissary-General, Quebec, 523, 567

Berry, with Montcalm at Ticonderoga, 411
defends fort, 422

Berryer, French Colonial Minister (1758), 375
accuses Bigot of fraud, 375-376
orders him to report to Montcalm, 378
refuses help to Canada, 466

Biddle, Edward, reports on Indian attacks, 244

Bienville, Celeron de (_See_ Celeron de Bienville)

Bigot, Francois, Intendant of Canada, 265, 322, 356, 535
his corruption, 76, 80, 178-179, 320, 366-377
reports on Le Loutre's work, 88
helps Le Loutre incite Indians, 89
appearance and personality, 365
investigation of his frauds, 377
at siege of Quebec, 485
votes to fight, 553
collects provisions, 558
returns to France, 604
jailed and tried for fraud, 605

Blanchard, Colonel, on Crown Point expedition, 212, 214

Blodget, Samuel, 220

Boishebert, Sieurde, French officer in Acadia, 87
sets Indians on British, 88
attributes misery of Acadians to priests, 193
attacks British in Acadia, 200
at siege of Louisbourg, 396
tried for fraud, 463-464, 605

Bonnecamp, Father, 49-50, 53, 58

Boscawen, British Admiral, 142
sails for Halifax with troops, 386-387
lands troops at Louisbourg, 390-391
takes part in siege, 400-401

Bougainville, aide-de-campe to Montcalm, 255ff., 263, 265, 304-305,
316ff., 589, 593
joins Indian war party, 299-300
his horror at Indian cruelties, 300, 356, 360
comments on Vaudreuil's treatment of Montcalm, 322
attends Indian feast, 329, 329n.
comments on Indians, 330, 331, 333-334, 345
carries terms to Monro at Fort William Henry, 346
sent to Montreal, 349
comments on official corruption, 371-372
comments on Vaudreuil's plans, 410
sent to France for help to Canada, 465-467
arranges marriage for Montcalm's son and daughter, 467
returns to Canada, 468
guards Quebec shores, 525, 533-534
is deceived by Wolfe's feint, 535-536, 538
despair at army's retreat, 552
sends troops to Quebec, 558
help arrives too late, 559

Bouquet, Colonel Henry, at Fort Duquesne, 440ff.
his difficulties on the march, 442, 445
his tact with Indian allies, 444

Bourlamaque, Chevalier de, third in command to Montcalm, 255, 315ff.
tries to stop Fort William Henry massacre, 350
Montcalm's letters to, 358-359
at Ticonderoga, 411, 416, 418, 426, 481
retires from Ticonderoga, 509, 516
hears from Montcalm, 532-533
Levis asks him to hold on, 558
at defense of Montreal, 592
half his force deserts, 592
forced to retreat, 594
negotiates Montreal surrender, 597

Braddock, Major-General, 140-173, 174, 207
secret orders, 141
Shirley's opinion of, 144
Walpole's comments on, 144-148
Benjamin Franklin's opinion of, 144
anecdotes about, 145-146
meets with Colonial governors, 146-147
plans attacks on Fort Duquesne, 148-149
his fury at Colonial apathy, 150-151
Benjamin Franklin helps, 151-152
march on Fort Duquesne, 152-160
his ability, 152
George Washington's comments on, 152-153
his opinion and treatment of Indians, 154
hardships of march, 155-156
ambushed and defeated, 161-164, 165n.
horrors of massacre, 163
casualties of his forces, 164 and n.
his personal courage, 164
fatally wounded, 164
his retreat, 164-168
his death, 168
reports of massacre, 168-170
disastrous results of defeat to settlers, 230, 234-248
bones of his men found, 457
Contrecoeur's report on rout, 628-630

Bradstreet, Lieutenant Colonel John, 276-279
convoys stores to Oswego, 277
repels French attack, 278-279
some of his boatmen sent to Oswego, 284
in Ticonderoga campaign, 415, 417-418, 422
his plan to take Fort Frontenac, 436
his success, 437
prevents massacre of prisoners, 437
destroys Fort Duquesne supplies, 454

Breard, naval comptroller at Quebec, 368
jailed and tried for fraud, 605

British Colonial troops, organization and pay, 271-272
discipline of, 272

British Colonies (_See_ English Colonies)

Brown, Lieutenant, carries mortally wounded Wolfe to rear, 546

Bull, Fort, destroyed by French, 264

Bullitt, Captain, 452-453

Burd, Colonel, in Duquesne expedition, 441, 443ff.

Burke, Captain, escapes Fort William Henry massacre, 351

Burney, Thomas, fur trader, escapes from French, 79

Burton, Lieutenant-Colonel,
with Braddock, 163
reports on Winslow's camp, 281-282
with Wolfe at Quebec, 537, 541, 542
receives Wolfe's last order, 546

Bury, Viscount, comments on Massachusetts, 408

Bussy, M. de, French envoy to London, 611

Bute, Earl of, Secretary of
State (1761), 610

Byng, Admiral, 384
defeat at Minorca, 48
death of, 48

Cadet, Joseph, Commissary-General of Canada, frauds of, 368-374
famine caused by, 370
sends supplies to Quebec, 482
jailed and tried for fraud, 605

Campbell, Major Duncan, at Ticonderoga, 414, 424
legend about his death, 635-637

Campbell, Captain John, killed at Ticonderoga, 424

Canada, 25
census of 1754, 38
census of 1755 and 1760, 38n.
Catholic influence in, 38-39
her military position, 40-41, 47
Indian tribes of, 40
power of Church (_See_ Acadia _and_ Acadians)
officials incite Indians to raid, 137
military life in, 267-268
social life in, 366-368
official corruption in, 365-374
Church fails to check corruption, 373
financial straits of, 374
loyalty of her people, 463
treatment of her people by officials, 463-464
dark days of 1758-1759, 460-470
France cannot help, 467-468
warned of attack on Quebec, 468
mobilizes for defense, 481
passes to British Crown, 598
people assured religious freedom, 598
people protected from Indians, 598

Captain Jacobs, Delaware Indian Chief, 296
killed, 297

Carleton, Sir Guy, Wolfe's friend, 476, 500

Carlos III of Spain, 612

Carter, Landon, 236

Carver, Jonathan, escapes Fort William Henry massacre, 351

Catawba Indians, 112, 444

Catherine of Russia, 614

Catholicism, influence on growth of New France, 38-39

Caughnawaga's Indians, 157

Cayuga Indians, 275

Chandler, Chaplain, 225

Celoron de Bienville, expedition to the Ohio (1749), 48-64
travel difficulties, 49-50, 57-58
hostility of Indians, 52-58
claims the Ohio for France, 52-55
warns English traders, 53-56, 58
sent to command Fort Detroit, 73
refuses to attack Pickawillany, 76

Charles VI of Austria, 37

Chesterfield, Lord, comment on Lord Albemarle, 139
reconciles Pitt and Newcastle, 380-381
his worry over England's future, 383

Cherokee Indians, 112, 323, 444

Chickasaw Indians, 112

Choiseul, Duc de, French minister (1761), 610
his character, 610-611
proposes European peace conference, 611
proposes negotiations with England on colonies, 611-612
negotiates secretly with Spain, 612

Choctaw Indians, 323
William Henry, 428, 430, 432, 436

Clerk, British engineer, 420-421

Clermont, Comte de, 384

Clinton, George, New York governor (1752), 63-64
complains French violate peace treaty, 75

Clive, victory at Plassey, 383

Connecticut, votes troops for Crown Point, 207
her sacrifices for Canadian campaigns, 409

Connor, James, scout, 290

Contrecoeur, Commandant at Fort Duquesne, 115, 118, 122, 157
awaits success of Braddock ambush, 159
his report on Braddock's rout, 628-630

Cope, Jean-Baptiste, Indian chief, treachery of, 90-91, 100

Corflans, French Admiral, his fleet crippled by British, 615

Cornwallis, Edward, Governor of Acadia (1749), 83
Wolfe's opinion of, 83
Walpole's comments on, 83
his patience and moderation, 83, 85, 94-96
asks pledge of allegiance from Acadians, 86
discovers treachery of French clergy, 92-93
sends troops to Beaubassin, 98

Corpron, accomplice of Cadet, 368, 373
jailed and tried for fraud, 605

Courserac, Chevalier de, 401

Crawford, Rev. William, comments on conditions in British camp,
283-284

Croghan, George, trader, 52, 59-60, 62-63
French offer reward for his scalp, 75-76
brings Indians to help Braddock, 154

Crown Point Expedition, 207-226
William Johnson named commander, 207
French prepare defense, 209
Johnson marches, 210ff.
battle at Lake George, 217-226
French routed, 221
British losses, 223
expedition a failure, 224
fort abandoned by French, 510
occupied and rebuilt by British, 511

Cumberland, Duke of, 30, 139, 294, 380, 383, 384

Cumberland, Fort, prepared for Braddock's expedition, 152

Cummings, Colonel, at site of Fort William Henry, 428


D

Dalling, Major, 573

Dalquier, Colonel, 551, 581

Dalzel, Captain, killed at Detroit, 433

De Cosne, British embassy secretary, 142

Delancey, New York Governor (1754), 132n., 226
asked for help against French in the Ohio, 114
attends Braddock's conference, 146
sides with William Johnson, 234
his cabal against Shirley, 270

Delancey, Oliver, British soldiers quartered on, 306

Delaware Indians, 50, 53, 54, 62-63, 101, 122, 154, 234, 275, 276,
296-298

Delouche, sends fire ships against Wolfe, 491

Demoiselle, Miami Chief, 57, 60-61, 78
killed by French Indians, 79

Desandrouin, French engineer, 418

Desauniers, Demoiselles, Canadian traders, 66

Desgouttes, naval commander at Louisbourg siege, 396, 400

Desherbes, harasses British in Acadia, 88ff.
Detroit, early days as French fort, 72
French try to build it up, 73
small-pox in, 77

Diderot, 35

Dieskau, Baron, commander of French regulars, 209
reaches Crown Point, 214
sends expedition toward Fort Lyman, 215-216
attacks William Johnson's forces, 218-220
wounded and captured, 220-221
his expedition routed, 221
Johnson protects him from Mohawks, 222
sent as prisoner to England, 222
returns to France and dies, 223

Dinwiddie, Robert, Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia
his opinion of Indian traders, 51
comments on Ohio Valley boundary dispute with Pennsylvania, 63
protests French invasion of the Ohio, 108-110
warns England, 111
ordered to drive French out, 112
difficulties with his Assembly, 112-114
failure of first expedition 115-116
his letter to Colonel Innes, 128
Assembly votes funds for Ohio defense, 130
his opinion of colonists' good sense, 131
advises war levies on colonies 133, 148
letter to Granville on number of French in the Ohio, 137
makes difficulties for George Washington defending Virginia
borders, 236-237
his dislike of Washington, 439

Dobbs, North Carolina governor, 144
attends Braddock's conference, 146

Doreil, French Commissary of War,
reports on official corruption, 464-465
sent to ask France for help, 465

Douville, French officer, 295

Drucour, Louisbourg governor, prepares defense, 390
his brave defense of Louisbourg, 395ff., 403
negotiates for surrender, 400-402
well-treated by Amherst, 403

Drucour, Mme., bravery of, 396, 403

Duchat, French, Captain, describes life at Ticonderoga, 267-268

Duchesnaye, 367

Dumas, French Captain at Fort Duquesne, 157, 158n., 161-162, 165,
235, 589
sets Indians on English settlers, 235ff.
reports destruction of Indiantown, 298
at defense of Quebec, 496, 499, 502
at defense of Montreal, 592

Dumas, M., tutor to Montcalm, 252-253

Dunbar, Colonel Thomas, with Braddock, 152
destroys supplies after ambush, 168
starts retreat, 168
reaches Fort Cumberland, 169
abandons frontier to its fate, 172-173
Dinwiddie calls conduct "monstrous," 173 and n.
disastrous results of retreat to settlers, 234-248

Duquesne, Fort, established, 115
garrison reinforced, 121
site of, 156
strength of, 156-157
Braddock ambushed from, 161
Washington urges capture of, 439
Forbes marches on, 439-459
its supplies cut off, 454-455
garrison destroys it and retires, 457
British occupy site, 457
its name changed to Pittsburg, 457
its conquest opens the West, 459

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