New Latin Grammar by Charles E. Bennett

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IV. VERBS IN -SCO.

1. Verbs in -sco from Simple Roots.

posco poscere poposci ---- _demand_
disco discere didici ---- _learn_
pasco pascere pavi pastus _feed_
pascor pasci pastus sum _graze_
cresco crescere crevi cretus _grow_
consuesco consuescere consuevi consuetus _accustom one's
self_
quiesco quiescere quievi quieturus _be still_
adolesco adolescere adolevi adultus _grow up_
obsolesco obsolescere obsolevi ---- _grow old_
nosco noscere novi ---- _become acquainted
with_
ignosco ignoscere ignovi ignoturus _pardon_
agnosco agnoscere agnovi agnitus _recognize_
cognosco cognoscere cognovi cognitus _get acquainted
with_

2. Verbs in -sco formed from other Verbs.

These usually have Inchoative or Inceptive meaning (see Sec. 155, 1). When
they have the Perfect, it is the same as that of the Verbs from which they
are derived.

floresco florescere florui _begin to (floreo)
bloom_
scisco sciscere scivi _enact_ (scio)
aresco arescere arui _become dry_ (areo)
calesco calescere calui _become hot_ (caleo)
consenesco consenescere consenui _grow old_ (seneo)
extimesco extimescere extimui _fear greatly_ (timeo)
ingemisco ingemiscere ingemui _sigh_ (gemo)
adhaeresco adhaerescere adhaesi _stick_ (haereo)

3. Verbs in -sco derived from Adjectives, usually with Inchoative meaning.

obduresco obdurescere obdurui _grow hard_ (durus)
evanesco evanescere evinui _disappear_ (vanus)
percrebresco percrebrescere percrebrui _grow fresh_ (creber)
maturesco maturescere maturui _grow ripe_ (maturus)
obmutesco obmutescere obmutui _grow dumb_ (mutus)

V. DEPONENTS.

fungor fungi functus sum _perform_
queror queri questus sum _complain_
loquor loqui locutus sum _speak_
sequor sequi secutus sum _follow_
fruor frui fruiturus _enjoy_
perfruor perfrui perfructus sum _thoroughly enjoy_
labor labi lapsus sum _glide_
amplector amplecti amplexus sum _embrace_
nitor niti nisus sum, _strive_
nixus sum
gradior gradi gressus sum _walk_
patior pati passus sum _suffer_
perpetior perpeti perpessus sum _endure_
utor uti usus sum _use_
morior mori mortuus sum _die_
adipiscor adipisci adeptus sum _acquire_
comminiscor comminisci commentus sum _invent_
reminiscor reminisci ---- _remember_
nanciscor nancisci nanctus _acquire_
(nactus) sum
nascor nasci natus sum _be born_
obliviscor oblivisci oblitus sum _forget_
paciscor pacisci pactus sum _covenant_
proficiscor proficisci profectus sum _set out_
ulciscor ulcisci ultus sum _avenge_
irascor irasci (iratus, as _be angry_
Adj.)
vescor vesci ---- _eat_

Fourth Conjugation.

123. I. PERFECT ENDS IN -VI.

audio audire audivi auditus _hear_
So all regular Verbs of the Fourth Conjugation.
sepelio sepelire sepelivi sepultus _bury_

II. PERFECT ENDS IN -UI.

aperio aperire aperui apertus _open_
operio operire operui opertus _cover_
salio salire salui ---- _leap_

III. PERFECT ENDS IN -SI.

saepio saepire saepsi saeptus _hedge in_
sancio sancire sanxi sanctus _ratify_
vincio vincire vinxi vinctus _bind_
amicio amicire ---- amictus _envelop_
fulcio fulcire fulsi fultus _prop up_
refercio refercire refersi refertus _fill_
sarcio sarcire sarsi sartus _patch_
haurio haurire hausi haustus _draw_
sentio sentire sensi sensus _feel_

IV. PERFECT IN -I WITH LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.

venio venire veni ventum (est) _come_
advenio advenire adveni adventum (est) _arrive_
invenio invenire inveni inventus _find_

V. PERFECT WITH LOSS OF REDUPLICATION.

reperio reperire repperi repertus _find_
comperio comperire comperi compertus _learn_

VI. USED ONLY IN THE PRESENT.

ferio ferire ---- ---- _strike_
esurio esurire ---- ---- _be hungry_

VII. DEPONENTS.

largior largiri largitus sum _bestow_
So many others.
experior experiri expertus sum _try_
opperior opperiri oppertus sum _await_
ordior ordiri orsus sum _begin_
orior oriri ortus sum _arise_
_Orior_ usually follows the Third Conjugation in its inflection; as
_oreris_, _oritur_, _orimur_; _orerer_ (Imp. Subj.); _orere_ (Imper.).
metior metiri mensus sum _measure_
assentior assentiri assensus sum _assent_

* * * * *

IRREGULAR VERBS.

124. A number of Verbs are called Irregular. The most important are sum,
do, edo, fero, volo, nolo, malo, eo, fio. The peculiarity of these Verbs is
that they append the personal endings in many forms directly to the stem,
instead of employing a connecting vowel, as fer-s (2d Sing. of fer-o),
instead of fer-i-s. They are but the relics of what was once in Latin a
large class of Verbs.

125. The Inflection of sum has already been given. Its various compounds
are inflected in the same way. They are--

absum abesse afui _am absent_
_Pres. Partic_. absens (absentis), _absent_.
adsum adesse adfui _am present_
desum deesse defui _am lacking_
insum inesse infui _am in_
intersum interesse interfui _am among_
praesum praeesse praefui _am in charge of_
_Pres. Partic_. praesens (praesentis), _present_
obsum obesse obfui _hinder_
prosum prodesse profui _am of advantage_
subsum subesse subfui _am underneath_
supersum superesse superfui _am left_

NOTE.--Prosum is compounded of prod (earlier form of pro) and sum; the d
disappears before consonants, as prosumus; but prodestis.

126. Possum. In its Present System possum is a compound of pot- (for pote,
able) and sum; potui is from an obsolete potere.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
possum, posse, potui, _to be
able_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Pres._ possum, potes, potest; possumus, potestis, possunt.
_Imp._ poteram; poteramus.
_Fut._ potero; poterimus.
_Perf._ potui; potuimus.
_Plup._ potueram; potueramus.
_Fut. P._ potuero; potuerimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Pres._ possim, possis, possit; possimus, possitis, possint.
_Imp._ possem; possemus.
_Perf._ potuerim; potuerimus.
_Plup._ potuissem; potuissemus.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ posse. _Pres._ potens (_as an adjective_).
_Perf._ potuisse.

127. Do, _I give_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
do, dare, dedi, datus.

Active Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Pres._ do, das, dat; damus, datis, dant.
_Imp._ dabam, etc.; dabamus.
_Fut._ dabo, etc.; dabimus.
_Perf._ dedi; dedimus.
_Plup._ dederam; dederamus.
_Fut. P._ dedero; dederimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE
_Pres._ dem; demus.
_Imp._ darem; daremus.
_Perf._ dederim; dederimus.
_Plup._ dedissem; dedissemus.

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ da; date.
_Fut._ dato; datote.
dato. danto.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ dare. dans.
_Perf._ dedisse.
_Fut._ daturus esse. daturus.

GERUND. SUPINE.
dandi, etc. datum, datu.

1. The passive is inflected regularly with the short vowel. Thus: dari,
datur, daretur, etc.

2. The archaic and poetic Present Subjunctive forms duim, duint, perduit,
perduint, etc., are not from the root da-, but from du-, a collateral root
of similar meaning.

128. Edo, _I eat_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
edo, esse, edi, esus.

Active Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
_Pres._ edo, edimus,
es, estis,
est; edunt.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Imp._ essem, essemus,
esses, essetis,
esset; essent.

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ es; este.
_Fut._ esto; estote.
esto; edunto.

INFINITIVE.
_Pres._ esse.

Passive Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
_Pres. 3d Sing_. estur.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Imp. 3d Sing_. essetur.

1. Observe the long vowel of the forms in es-, which alone distinguishes
them from the corresponding forms of esse, _to be_.

2. Note comedo, comesse, comedi, comesus or comestus, _consume_.

3. The Present Subjunctive has edim, -is, -it, etc., less often edam, -as,
etc.

129. Fero, _I bear_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
fero, ferre, tuli, latus.

Active Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
_Pres._ fero, fers, fert; ferimus, fertis, ferunt.[46]
_Imp._ ferebam; ferebamus.
_Fut._ feram; feremus.
_Perf._ tuli; tulimus.
_Plup._ tuleram; tuleramus.
_Fut. P._ tulero; tulerimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Pres._ feram; feramus.
_Imp._ ferrem; ferremus.
_Perf._ tulerim; tulerimus.
_Plup._ tulissem; tulissemus.

IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ fer; ferte.
_Fut._ ferto; fertote.
ferto; ferunto.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ ferre. _Pres._ ferens.
_Perf._ tulisse.
_Fut._ laturus esse. _Fut._ laturus.

GERUND. SUPINE.
_Gen._ ferendi.
_Dat._ ferendo.
_Acc._ ferendum. _Acc._ latum.
_Abl._ ferendo. _Abl._ latu.

Passive Voice.
feror, ferri, latus sum, _to be borne_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
_Pres._ feror, ferris, fertur; ferimur, ferimini, feruntur.
_Imp._ ferebar; ferebamur.
_Fut._ ferar; feremur.
_Perf._ latus sum; lati sumus.
_Plup._ latus eram; lati eramus.
_Fut. P._ latus ero; lati erimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Pres._ ferar; feramur.
_Imp._ ferrer; ferremur.
_Perf._ latus sim; lati simus.
_Plup._ latus essem; lati essemus.

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ ferre; ferimimi.
_Fut._ fertor; ----
fertor; feruntor.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ ferri.
_Perf._ latus esse. _Perf._ latus.
_Fut._ latum iri. _Fut._ ferendus.

So also the Compounds--

affero afferre attuli allatus _bring toward_
aufero auferre abstuli ablatus _take away_
confero conferre contuli collatus _compare_
differo differre distuli dilatus _put off_
effero efferre extuli elatus _carry out_
infero inferre intuli illatus _bring against_
offero offerre obtuli oblatus _present_
refero referre rettuli relatus _bring back_

NOTE.--The forms sustuli and sublatus belong to tollo.

130. volo, nolo, malo.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
volo, velle, volui, _to wish._
nolo, nolle, nolui, _to be unwilling._
malo, malle, malui, _to prefer._

INDICATIVE MOOD.
_Pres._ volo, nolo, malo,
vis, non vis, mavis,
vult; non vult; mavult;
volumus, nolumus, malumus,
vultis, non vultis, mavultis,
volunt. nolunt. malunt.
_Imp._ volebam. nolebam. malebam.
_Fut._ volam. nolam. malam.
_Perf._ volui. nolui. malui.
_Plup._ volueram. nolueram. malueram.
_Fut. P._ voluero. noluero. maluero.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Pres._ velim, -is, -it, nolim. malim.
etc.
_Inf._ vellem, -es, -et, nollem. mallem.
etc.
_Perf._ voluerim. noluerim. maluerim.
_Pluf._ voluissem. noluissem. maluissem.

IMPERATIVE.

_Pres._ noli; nolite.
_Fut._ nolito; nolitote.
nolito; nolunto.

INFINITIVE.
_Pres._ velle. nolle. malle.
_Perf._ voluisse. noluisse. maluisse

PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ volens nolens. ----

131. Fio.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
fio, fieri, factus sum, _to become_, _be
made_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

SINGULAR, PLURAL.
_Pres._ fio, fis, fit; fimus, fitis, fiunt.
_Inf._ fiebam; fiebamus.
_Fut._ fiam; fiemus.
_Perf._ factus sum; facti sumus.
_Pluf._ factus eram; facti eramus.
_Fut. P._ factus ero; facti erimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Pres._ fiam; fiamus.
_Imp._ fierem; fieremus.
_Perf._ factus sim; facti simus.
_Plup._ factus essem; facti essemus.

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ fi; fite.
PARTICIPLE.
INFINITIVE.
_Pres._ fieri.
_Perf._ factus esse. _Perf._ factus.
_Fut._ factum iri. _Ger._ faciendus.

NOTE.--A few isolated forms of compounds of fio occur; as, defit _lacks_;
infit, _begins_.

132. Eo.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
eo, ire, ivi, itum (est), _to go_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Pres._ eo, is, it; imus, itis, eunt.
_Imp._ ibam; ibamus.
_Fut._ ibo; ibimus.
_Perf._ ivi (ii); ivimus (iimus).
_Plup._ iveram (ieram); iveramus (ieramus)
_Fut. P._ ivero (iero); iverimus (ierimus).

SUBJUNCTIVE.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Pres._ eam; eamus.
_Inf._ irem; iremus.
_Perf._ iverim (ierim); iverimus (ierimus).
_Pluf._ ivissem (iissem, issem); ivissemus (iissemus, issemus).

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ i; ite.
_Fut._ ito; itote,
ito; eunto.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ ire. _Pres._ iens.
_Perf._ ivisse (isse). (_Gen._ euntis.)
_Fut._ iturus esse. _Fut._ iturus. _Gerundive_, eundum.

GERUND. SUPINE.
eundi, etc. itum, itu.

1. Transitive compounds of eo admit the full Passive inflection; as adeor,
adiris, aditur, etc.

* * * * *

DEFECTIVE VERBS.

Defective Verbs lack certain forms. The following are the most important:--

133. USED MAINLY IN THE PERFECT SYSTEM.

Coepi, Memini, Odi,
_I have _I remember_. _I hate_.
begun._

INDICATIVE MOOD.
_Perf._ coepi. memini. odi.
_Plup._ coeperam. memineram. oderam.
_Fut. P._ coepero. meminero. odero.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Perf._ coeperim. meminerim. oderim.
_Pluf._ coepissem. meminissem. odissem.

IMPERATIVE.
_Sing._ memento; _Plur._ mementote.

INFINITIVE.
_Perf._ coepisse. meminisse. odisse.
_Fut._ coepturus esse. osurus esse.

PARTICIPLE.
_Perf._ coeptus, _begun_. osus.
_Fut._ coepturus. osurus.

1. When coepi governs a Passive Infinitive it usually takes the form
coeptus est; as, amari coeptus est, _he began to be loved_.

2. Note that memini and odi, though Perfect in form, are Present in sense.
Similarly the Pluperfect and Future Perfect have the force of the Imperfect
and Future; as, memineram, _I remembered_; odero, _I shall hate_.

134. Inquam, _I say_ (inserted between words of a direct quotation)

INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Pres._ inquam, ----
inquis, ----
inquit; inquiunt.
_Fut._ ---- ----
inquies, ----
inquiet. ----
_Perf. 3d Sing._ inquit.

135. Ajo, _I say_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL
_Pres._ ajo, ----
ais, ----
ait; ajunt.
_Imp._ ajebam, ajebamus,
ajebas, ajebatis,
ajebat; ajebant.
_Perf 3d Sing._ ait.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

_Pres 3d Sing._ ajat.

NOTE.--For aisne, _do you mean?_ ain is common.

136. Fari, _to speak._

This is inflected regularly in the perfect tenses. In the Present System it
has--

INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Pres._ ---- ----
---- ----
fatur. ----
_Fut._ fabor, ----
---- ----
fabitur. ----
_Impv._ fare.
_Inf._ fari.
_Pres. fantis, fanti, etc.
Partic._
_Gerund_, fandi; _D. and Abl._, fando.
_G._,
_Gerundive_, fandus.

NOTE.--Forms of fari are rare. More frequent are its compounds; as,--
affatur, _he addresses_; praefamur, _we say in advance._

137. OTHER DEFECTIVE FORMS.

1. Queo, quire, quivi, _to be able_, and nequeo, nequire, nequivi, _to be
unable_, are inflected like eo, but occur chiefly in the Present Tense, and
there only in special forms.

2. Quaeso, _I entreat_; quaesumus, _we entreat_.

3. Cedo (2d sing. Impv.), cette (2d plu.); _give me_, _tell me_.

4. Salve, salvete, _hail_. Also Infinitive, salvere.

5. Have (ave), havete, _hail_. Also Infinitive, havere.

* * * * *

IMPERSONAL VERBS.

138. Impersonal Verbs correspond to the English, _it snows, it seems, etc._
They have no personal subject, but may take an Infinitive, a Clause, or a
Neuter Pronoun; as, me pudet hoc fecisse, lit. _it shames me to have done
this_; hoc decet, _this is fitting_. Here belong--

I. Verbs denoting operations of the weather; as,--

fulget fulsit _it lightens_
tonat tonuit _it thunders_
grandinat ---- _it hails_
ningit ninxit _it snows_
pluit pluit _it rains_

II. Special Verbs.

paenitet paenitere paenituit _it repents_
piget pigere piguit _it grieves_
pudet pudere puduit _it causes shame_
taedet taedere taeduit _it disgusts_
miseret miserere miseruit _it causes pity_
libet libere libuit _it pleases_
licet licere licuit _it is lawful_
oportet oportere oportuit _it is fitting_
decet decere decuit _it is becoming_
dedecet dedecere dedecuit _it is unbecoming_
refert referre retulit _it concerns_

III. Verbs Impersonal only in Special Senses.

constat constare constitit _it is evident_
praestat praestare praestitit _it is better_
juvat juvare juvit _it delights_
apparet apparere apparuit _it appears_
placet placere placuit _it pleases_
(placitum
est)
accedit accedere accessit _it is added_
accidit accidere accidit _it happens_
contingit contingere contigit _it happens_
evenit evenire evenit _it turns out_
interest interesse interfuit _it concerns_

IV. The Passive of Intransitive Verbs; as,--

itur lit. _it is gone_ _i.e. some one goes_
curritur lit. _it is run_ _i.e. some one runs_
ventum est lit. _it has been come_ _i.e. some one has come_
veniendum est lit. _it must be come_ _i.e. somebody must
come_
pugnari potest lit. _it can be fought_ _i.e. somebody can
fight_

* * * * *

PART III.

* * * * *

PARTICLES.

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