New Latin Grammar by Charles E. Bennett

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gi-gn-o (root gen-), si-st-o (root sta-).

Formation of the Perfect Stem.

118. The Perfect Stem is formed from the Verb Stem--

1. By adding v (in case of Vowel Stems); as,--

amav-i, delev-i, audiv-i.

2. By adding u (in case of some Consonant Stems); as,--

strepu-i, genu-i, alu-i.

3. By adding s (in case of most Consonant Stems); as,--

carp-o, Perfect carps-i.
scrib-o, " scrips-i (for scrib-si).
rid-eo, " ris-i (for rid-si).
sent-io, " sens-i (for sent-si).
dic-o, " dix-i (i.e. dic-si).

a. Note that before the ending -si a Dental Mute (t, d) is lost; a
Guttural Mute (c, g) unites with s to form x; while the Labial b is
changed to p.

4. Without addition. Of this formation there are three types:--

a) The Verb Stem is reduplicated by prefixing the initial consonant with
the following vowel or e; as,--

curro, Perfect cu-curri.
posco, " po-posci.
pello, " pe-puli.

NOTE 1.--Compounds, with the exception of do, sto, sisto, disco, posco,
omit the reduplication. Thus: com-puli, but re-poposci.

NOTE 2.--Verbs beginning with sp or st retain both consonants in the
reduplication, but drop s from the stem; as, spondeo, spo-pondi; sto,
steti.

b) The short vowel of the Verb Stem is lengthened; as, lego, legi; ago,
egi. Note that a by this process becomes e.

c) The vowel of the Verb Stem is unchanged; as, verto, verti; minuo,
minui.

Formation of the Participial Stem.

119. The Perfect Passive Participle, from which the Participial Stem is
derived by dropping -us, is formed:--

1. By adding -tus (sometimes to the Present Stem, sometimes to the Verb
Stem); as,--

ama-re, Participle ama-tus.
dele-re, " dele-tus,
audi-re, " audi-tus,
leg-ere, " lec-tus,
scrib-ere, " scrip-tus,
senti-re, " sen-sus (for sent-tus).
caed-ere, " cae-sus (for caed-tus).

a. Note that g, before t, becomes c (see Sec. 8, 5); b becomes p; while dt
or tt becomes ss, which is then often simplified to s (Sec. 8, 2).

2. After the analogy of Participles like sensus and caesus, where -sus
arises by phonetic change, -sus for -tus is added to other Verb Stems;
as,--

lab-i, Participle lap-sus.
fig-ere, " fi-xus.

a. The same consonant changes occur in appending this ending -sus to the
stem as in the case of the Perfect ending -si (see Sec. 118, 3, a).

3. A few Verbs form the Participle in -itus; as,--

doma-re, dom-itus.
mone-re, mon-itus.

4. The Future Active Participle is usually identical in its stem with the
Perfect Passive Participle; as, ama-tus, amaturus; moni-tus, moniturus.
But--

juva-re, Perf. Partic. jutus, has Fut. Act. Partic. juvaturus.[40]
lava-re, " " lautus, " " " lavaturus.
par-ere, " " partus, " " " pariturus.
ru-ere, " " rutus, " " " ruiturus.
seca-re, " " sectus, " " " secaturus.
fru-i, " " fructus, " " " fruiturus.
mor-i, " " mortuus, " " " moriturus.
ori-ri, " " ortus, " " " oriturus.

* * * * *

LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT VERBS, WITH PRINCIPAL PARTS.

First (_A_-) Conjugation.

120. I. PERFECT IN -VI.

amo amare amavi amatus _love_

All regular verbs of the First Conjugation follow this model.

poto potare potavi potus (Sec. 114, _drink_
2)

II. PERFECT IN -UI.

crepo crepare crepui crepiturus _rattle_
cubo cubare cubui cubiturus _lie down_
domo domare domui domitus _tame_
frico fricare fricui frictus _and_ _rub_
fricatus
mico micare micui ---- _glitter_
dimico dimicare dimicavi dimicatum _fight_
(est)[41]
ex-plico explicare explicavi explicatus _unfold_
(-ui) (-itus)
im-plico implicare implicavi implicatus _entwine_
(-ui) (-itus)
seco secare secui sectus _cut_
sono sonare sonui sonaturus _sound_
tono tonare tonui ---- _thunder_
veto vetare vetui vetitus _forbid_

III. PERFECT IN -I WITH LENGTHENING OF THE STEM VOWEL.

juvo juvare juvi jutus _help_
lavo lavare lavi lautus _wash_

IV. PERFECT REDUPLICATED.

sto stare steti staturus

V. DEPONENTS.

These are all regular, and follow _miror_, _mirari_, _miratus sum_.

Second (_E_-) Conjugation.

121. I. PERFECT IN -VI.

deleo delere delevi deletus _destroy_
fleo flere flevi fletus _weep_, _lament_
com-pleo[42] complere complevi completus _fill up_
aboleo abolere abolevi abolitus _destroy_
cieo[43] ciere civi citus _set in motion_

II. PERFECT IN -UI.

a. Type -eo, -ere, -ui, -itus.

arceo arcere arcui _keep off_
coerceo coercere coercui coercitus _hold in check_
exerceo exercere exercui exercitus _practise_
caleo calere calui caliturus _be warm_
careo carere carui cariturus _be without_
doleo dolere dolui doliturus _grieve_
habeo habere habui habitus _have_
debeo debere debui debitus _owe_
praebeo praebere praebui praebitus _offer_
jaceo jacere jacui jaciturus _lie_
mereo merere merui meritus _earn_, _deserve_
moneo monere monui monitus _advise_
noceo nocere nocui nocitum (est) _injure_
pareo parere parui pariturus _obey_
placeo placere placui placiturus _please_
taceo tacere tacui taciturus _be silent_
terreo terrere terrui territus _frighten_
valeo valere valui valiturus _be strong_

NOTE 1.--The following lack the Participial Stem:--
egeo egere egui ---- _want_
emineo eminere eminui ---- _stand forth_
floreo florere florui ---- _bloom_
horreo horrere horrui ---- _bristle_
lateo latere latui ---- _lurk_
niteo nitere nitui ---- _gleam_
oleo olere olui ---- _smell_
palleo pallere pallui ---- _be pale_
pateo patere patui ---- _lie open_
rubeo rubere rubui ---- _be red_
sileo silere silui ---- _be silent_
splendeo splendere splendui ---- _gleam_
studeo studere studui ---- _study_
stupeo stupere stupui ---- _be amazed_
timeo timere timui ---- _fear_
torpeo torpere torpui ---- _be dull_
vigeo vigere vigui ---- _flourish_
vireo virere virui ---- _be green_
and others.

NOTE 2.--The following are used only in the Present System:--
aveo avere ---- ---- _wish_
frigeo frigere ---- ---- _be cold_
immineo imminere ---- ---- _overhang_
maereo maerere ---- ---- _mourn_
polleo pollere ---- ---- _be strong_
and others.

b. Type -eo, -ere, -ui, -tus (-sus).

censeo censere censui census _estimate_
doceo docere docui doctus _teach_
misceo miscere miscui mixtus _mix_
teneo tenere tenui ---- _hold_
So _contineo_ and _sustineo_; but--
retineo retinere retinui retentus _retain_
obtineo obtinere obtinui obtentus _maintain_
torreo torrere torrui tostus _bake_

III. PERFECT IN -SI.

augeo augere auxi auctus _increase_
torqueo torquere torsi tortus _twist_
indulgeo indulgere indulsi ---- _indulge_
luceo lucere luxi ---- _be light_
lugeo lugere luxi ---- _mourn_
jubeo jubere jussi jussus _order_
per-mulceo permulcere permulsi permulsus _soothe_
rideo ridere risi risum (est) _laugh_
suadeo suadere suasi suasum (est) _advise_
abs-tergeo abstergere abstersi abstersus _wipe off_
ardeo ardere arsi arsurus _burn_
haereo haerere haesi haesurus _stick_
maneo manere mansi mansurus _stay_
algeo algere alsi ---- _be cold_
fulgeo fulgere fulsi ---- _gleam_
urgeo urgere ursi ---- _press_

IV. PERFECT IN -I WITH REDUPLICATION.

mordeo mordere momordi morsus _bite_
spondeo spondere spopondi sponsus _promise_
tondeo tondere totondi tonsus _shear_
pendeo pendere pependi ---- _hang_

V. PERFECT IN -I WITH LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.

caveo cavere cavi cauturus _take care_
faveo favere favi fauturus _favor_
foveo fovere fovi fotus _cherish_
moveo movere movi motus _move_
paveo pavere pavi ---- _fear_
sedeo sedere sedi sessurus _sit_
video videre vidi visus _see_
voveo vovere vovi votus _vow_

VI. PERFECT IN -I WITHOUT EITHER REDUPLICATION OR LENGTHENING OF STEM
VOWEL.

ferveo fervere (fervi, ---- _boil_
ferbui)
prandeo prandere prandi pransus (Sec. 114,_lunch_
2)
strideo stridere stridi ---- _creak_

VII. DEPONENTS.

liceor liceri licitus sum _bid_
polliceor polliceri pollicitus sum _promise_
mereor mereri meritus sum _earn_
misereor misereri miseritus sum _pity_
vereor vereri veritus sum _fear_
fateor fateri fassus sum _confess_
confiteor confiteri confessus sum _confess_
reor reri ratus sum _think_
medeor mederi ---- _heal_
tueor tueri ---- _protect_

Third (Consonant) Conjugation.

122. I. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN A CONSONANT.

1. Perfect in -si.

a. Type -o, -ere, -si, -tus.

carpo carpere carpsi carptus _pluck_
sculpo sculpere sculpsi sculptus _chisel_
repo repere repsi ---- _creep_
serpo serpere serpsi ---- _crawl_
scribo scribere scripsi scriptus _write_
nubo nubere nupsi nupta (woman _marry_
only)
rego regere rexi rectus _govern_
tego tegere texi tectus _cover_
af-fligo affligere afflixi afflictus _shatter_
dico dicere dixi dictus _say_
duco ducere duxi ductus _lead_
coquo coquere coxi coctus _cook_
traho trahere traxi tractus _draw_
veho vehere vexi vectus _carry_
cingo cingere cinxi cinctus _gird_
tingo tingere tinxi tinctus _dip_
jungo jungere junxi junctus _join_
fingo fingere finxi fictus _would_
pingo pingere pinxi pictus _paint_
stringo stringere strinxi strictus _bind_
-stinguo[44] -stinguere -stinxi -stinctus _blot out_
unguo unguere unxi unctus _anoint_
vivo vivere vixi victum (est) _live_
gero gerere gessi gestus _carry_
uro urere ussi ustus _burn_
temno temnere con-tempsi con-temptus _despise_

b. Type -o, -ere, -si, -sus.

figo figere fixi fixus _fasten_
mergo mergere mersi mersus _sink_
spargo spargere sparsi sparsus _scatter_
flecto flectere flexi flexus _bend_
necto nectere nexui nexus _twine_
(nexi)
mitto mittere misi missus _send_
rado radere rasi rasus _shave_
rodo rodere rosi rosus _gnaw_
vado vadere -vasi[45] -vasum _march_, _walk_
(est)[45]
ludo ludere lusi lusum (est) _play_
trudo trudere trusi trusus _push_
laedo laedere laesi laesus _injure_, _hurt_
claudo claudere clausi clausus _close_
plaudo plaudere plausi plausum (est) _clap_
explodo explodere explosi explosus _hoot off_
cedo cedere cessi cessum (est) _withdraw_
divido dividere divisi divisus _divide_
premo premere pressi pressus _press_

2. Perfect in -i with Reduplication.

ab-do abdere abdidi abditus _conceal_
red-do red-dere reddidi redditus _return_
So _addo_, _condo_, _dedo_, _perdo_, _prodo_,
_trado_, etc.
con-sisto consistere constiti ---- _take one's stand_
resisto resistere restiti ---- _resist_
circumsisto circumsistere circumsteti ---- _surround_
cado cadere cecidi casurus _fall_
caedo caedere cecidi caesus _kill_
pendo pendere pependi pensus _weigh_, _pay_
tendo tendere tetendi tentus _stretch_
tundo tundere tutudi tusus, tunsus _beat_
fallo fallere fefelli (falsus, as _deceive_
Adj.)
pello pellere pepuli pulsus _drive out_
curro currere cucurri cursum (est) _run_
parco parcere peperci parsurus _spare_
cano canere cecini ---- _sing_
tango tangere tetigi tactus _touch_
pungo pungere pupugi punctus _prick_

NOTE.--In the following verbs the perfects were originally reduplicated,
but have lost the reduplicating syllable:--
per-cello percellere perculi perculsus _strike down_
findo findere fidi fissus _split_
scindo scindere scidi scissus _tear apart_
tollo tollere sus-tuli sublatus _remove_

3. Perfect in -i with Lengthening of Stem Vowel.

ago agere egi actus _drive_, _do_
perago peragere peregi peractus _finish_
subigo subigere subegi subactus _subdue_
cogo cogere coegi coactus _force_, _gather_
frango frangere fregi fractus _break_
perfringo perfringere perfregi perfractus _break down_
lego legere legi lectus _gather_, _read_
perlego perlegere perlegi perlectus _read through_
colligo colligere collegi collectus _collect_
deligo deligere delegi delectus _choose_
diligo diligere dilexi dilectus _love_
intellego intellegere intellexi intellectus _understand_
neglego neglegere neglexi neglectus _neglect_
emo emere emi emptus _buy_
coemo coemere coemi coemptus _buy up_
redimo redimere redemi redemptus _buy back_
dirimo dirimere diremi diremptus _destroy_
demo demere dempsi demptus _take away_
sumo sumere sumpsi sumptus _take_
promo promere prompsi (promptus, as _take out_
Adj.)
vinco vincere vici victus _conquer_
re-linquo relinquere reliqui relictus _leave_
rumpo rumpere rupi ruptus _break_
edo esse (Sec. edi esus _eat_
128)
fundo fundere fudi fusus _four_

4. Perfect in -i without either Reduplication or Lengthening of Stem Vowel.

excudo excudere excudi excusus _hammer_
consido considere consedi ---- _take one's seat_
possido possidere possedi possessus _take possession_
accendo accendere accendi accensus _kindle_
a-scendo ascendere ascendi ascensum (est) _climb_
de-fendo defendere defendi defensus _defend_
pre-hendo prehendere prehendi prehensus _seize_
ico icere ici ictus _strike_
vello vellere velli vulsus _pluck_
verto vertere verti versus _turn_
pando pandere pandi passus _spread_
solvo solvere solvi solutus _loose_
viso visere visi visus _visit_
volvo volvere volvi volutus _roll_
verro verrere verri versus _sweep_

5. Perfect in -ui.

in-cumbo incumbere incubui incubiturus _lean on_
gigno gignere genui genitus _bring forth_
molo molere molui molitus _grind_
vomo vomere vomui vomitus _vomit_
fremo fremere fremui ---- _snort_
gemo gemere gemui ---- _sigh_
meto metere messui messus _reap_
tremo tremere tremui ---- _tremble_
strepo strepere strepui ---- _rattle_
alo alete alui altus (alitus) _nourish_
colo colere colui cultus _cultivate_
incolo incolere incolui ---- _inhabit_
excolo excolere excolui excultus _perfect_
consulo consulere consului consultus _consult_
consero conserere conserui consertus _join_
desero deserere deserui desertus _desert_
dissero disserere disserui ---- _discourse_
texo texere texui textus _weave_

6. Perfect in -vi.

sino sinere sivi situs _allow_
desino desinere desii desitus _cease_
pono ponere posui positus _place_
ob-lino oblinere oblevi oblitus _smear_
sero serere sevi satus _sow_
consero conserere consevi consitus _plant_
cerno cernere ---- ---- _separate_
discerno discernere discrevi discretus _distinguish_
decerno decernere decrevi decretus _decide_
sperno spernere sprevi spretus _scorn_
sterno sternere stravi stratus _spread_
pro-sterno prosternere prostravi prostratus _overthrow_
peto petere petivi petitus _seek_
(petii)
appeto appetere appetivi appetitus _long for_
tero terere trivi tritus _rub_
quaero quaerere quaesivi quaesitus _seek_
acquiro acquirere acquisivi acquisitus _acquire_
arcesso arcessere arcessivi arcessitus _summon_
capesso capessere capessivi capessitus _seize_
lacesso lacessere lacessivi lacessitus _provoke_

7. Used only in Present System.

ango angere ---- ---- _choke_
lambo lambere ---- ---- _lick_
claudo claudere ---- ---- _be lame_
furo furere ---- ---- _rave_
vergo vergere ---- ---- _bend_
and a few others.

II. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN -U.

induo induere indui indutus _put on_
imbuo imbuere imbui imbutus _moisten_
luo luere lui ---- _wash_
polluo polluere pollui pollutus _defile_
minuo minuere minui minutus _lessen_
statuo statuere statui statutus _set up_
constituo constituere constitui constitutus _determine_
suo suere sui sutus _sew_
tribuo tribuere tribui tributus _allot_
ruo ruere rui ruiturus _fall_
diruo diruere dirui dirutus _destroy_
obruo obruere obrui obrutus _overwhelm_
acuo acuere acui ---- _sharpen_
arguo arguere argui ---- _accuse_
congruo congruere congrui ---- _agree_
metuo metuere metui ---- _fear_
ab-nuo abnuere abnui ---- _decline_
re-spuo respuere respui ---- _reject_
struo struere struxi structus _build_
fluo fluere fluxi (fluxus, as _flow_
Adj.)

III. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN -I.

capio cupere cupivi cupitus _wish_
sapio sapere sapivi ---- _taste_
rapio rapere rapui raptus _snatch_
diripio diripere diripui direptus _plunder_
conspicio conspicere conspexi conspectus _gaze at_
aspicio aspicere aspexi aspectus _behold_
illicio illicere illexi illectus _allure_
pellicio pellicere pellexi pellectus _allure_
elicio elicere elicui elicitus _elicit_
quatio quatere ---- quassus _shake_
concutio concutere concussi concussus _shake_
pario parere peperi partus _bring forth_
capio capere cepi captus _take_
accipio accipere accepi acceptus _accept_
incipio incipere incepi inceptus _begin_
facio facere feci factus _make_
afficio afficere affeci affectus _affect_
_Passive_, afficior, affici, affectus sum.
So other prepositional compounds, _perficio_, _perficior_; _interficio_,
_interficior_; etc. But--
assuefacio assuefacere assuefeci assuefactus _accustom_
_Passive_, assuefio, assuefieri, assuefactus sum.
So also _patefacio_, _patefio_; _calefacio_, _calefio_; and all
non-prepositional compounds.
jacio jacere jeci jactus _hurl_
abicio abicere abjeci abjectus _throw away_
fodio fodere fodi fossus _dig_
fugio fugere fugi fugiturus _flee_
effugio effugere effugi ---- _escape_

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