New Latin Grammar by Charles E. Bennett

C >> Charles E. Bennett >> New Latin Grammar

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PLUPERFECT.
_I had been ruled._
rectus eram recti eramus
rectus eras recti eratis
rectus erat recti erant

FUTURE PERFECT.
_I shall have been ruled_
rectus ero recti erimus
rectus eris recti eritis
rectus erit recti erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
_May I be ruled_, _let him be ruled._
regar regamur
regaris, _or_ -re regamini
regatur regantur

IMPERFECT.
_I should be ruled_, _he would be ruled._
regerer regeremur
regereris, _or_ -re regeremini
regeretur regerentur

PERFECT.
_I may have been ruled._
rectus sim recti simus
rectus sis recti sitis
rectus sit recti sint

PLUPERFECT.
_I should have been ruled_, _he would have been ruled._
rectus essem recti essemus
rectus esses recti essetis
rectus esset recti essent

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ regere, _be thou ruled_; regimini, _be ye ruled_.
_Fut._ regitor, _thou shalt be
ruled_,
regitor, _he shall be reguntor, _they shall be ruled_.
ruled_;

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ regi, _to be ruled_. _Perfect._ rectus, _ruled_,
_having been ruled_.
_Perf._ rectus esse, _to have been _Gerundive._ regendus, _to be
ruled_. ruled_, _deserving to
be ruled_.
_Fut._ rectum iri, _to be about
to be ruled_.

* * * * *

FOURTH (OR I-) CONJUGATION.

107. Active voice.--Audio, _I hear_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC.
audio audire audivi auditus

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
_I hear._

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
audio audimus
audis auditis
audit audiunt

IMPERFECT.
_I was hearing_, or _I heard._
audiebam audiebamus
audiebas audiebatis
audiebat audiebant

FUTURE.
_I shall hear._
audiam audiemus
audies audietis
audiet audient

PERFECT.
_I have heard_, or _I heard._
audivi audivimus
audivisti audivistis
audivit audiverunt, _or _-ere

PLUPERFECT.
_I had heard._
audiveram audiveramus
audiveras audiveratis
audiverat audiverant

FUTURE PERFECT.
_I shall have heard._
audivero audiverimus
audiveris audiveritis
audiverit audiverint

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
_May I hear_, _let him hear._
audiam audiamus
audias audiatis
audiat audiant

IMPERFECT.
_I should hear_, _he would hear._
audirem audiremus
audires audiretis
audiret audirent

PERFECT.
_I may have heard._
audiverim audiverimus
audiveris audiveritis
audiverit audiverint

PLUPERFECT.
_I should have heard_, _he would have heard._
audivissem audivissemus
audivisses audivissetis
audivisset audivissent

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ audi, _hear thou_; audite, _hear ye_.
_Fut._ audito, _thou shalt hear_, auditote, _ye shall hear_,
audito, _he shall hear_; audiunto, _they shall hear_.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ audire, _to hear_. _Pres._ audiens, _hearing_.
_Perf._ audivisse, _to have (Gen. audientis.)
heard_.
_Fut._ auditurus esse, _to be _Fut._ auditurus, _about to
about to hear_. hear_.

GERUND. SUPINE
_Gen._ audiendi, _of hearing_,
_Dat._ audiendo, _for hearing_,
_Acc._ audiendum, _hearing_, _Acc._ auditum, _to hear_,
_Abl._ audiendo, _by hearing_. _Abl._ auditu, _to hear, be
heard_.

108. Passive Voice.--Audior, _I am heard_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND.
audior audiri auditus sum

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
_I am heard_.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
audior audimur
audiris audimini
auditur audiuntur

IMPERFECT.
_I was heard_.
audiebar audiebamur
audiebaris, _or_ -re audiebamini
audiebatur audiebantur

FUTURE.
_I shall be heard_.
audiar audiemur
audieris, _or_ -re audiemini
audietur audientur

PERFECT.
_I have been heard_, or _I was heard_.
auditus sum auditi sumus
auditus es auditi estis
auditus est auditi sunt

PLUPERFECT.
_I had been heard_.
auditus eram auditi eramus
auditus eras auditi eratis
auditus erat auditi erant

FUTURE PERFECT.
_I shall have been heard_.
auditus ero auditi erimus
auditus eris auditi eritis
auditus erit auditi erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.

_May I be heard_, _let him be heard_.
audiar audiamur
audiaris, _or_ -re audiamini
audiatur audiantur

IMPERFECT.
_I should be heard_, _he would be heard_.
audirer audiremur
audireris, _or_ -re audiremini
audiretur audirentur

PERFECT.
_I may have been heard_.
auditus sim auditi simus
auditus sis auditi sitis
auditus sit auditi sint

PLUPERFECT.

_I should have been heard_, _he would have been heard_.
auditus essem auditi essemus
auditus esses auditi essetis
auditus esset auditi essent

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ audire, _be thou heard_; audimini, be ye heard.
_Fut._ auditor, _thou shalt be
heard_,
auditor, _he shall be audiuntor, _they shall be heard_.
heard_;

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ audiri, _to be heard_. _Perfect._ auditus, _heard_,
_having been heard_
_Perf._ auditus esse, _to have _Gerundive._ audiendus, _to be
been heard_. heard_, _deserving to
be heard_
_Fut._ auditum iri, _to be about
to be heard_.

* * * * *

VERBS IN -IO OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.

109. 1. Verbs in -io of the Third Conjugation take the endings of the
Fourth Conjugation wherever the latter endings have two successive vowels.
This occurs only in the Present System.

2. Here belong--

a) capio, _to take_; cupio, _to desire_; facio, _to make_; fodio, _to
dig_; fugio, _to flee_; jacio, _to throw_; pario, _to bear_; quatio, _to
shake_; rapio, _to seize_; sapio, _to taste_.

b) Compounds of lacio and specio (both ante-classical); as, allicio,
_entice_; conspicio, _behold_.

c) The deponents gradior, _to go_; morior, _to die_, patior, _to suffer_.

110. Active voice.--Capio, _I take_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC.
capio, capere, cepi, captus.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
capio, capis, capit; capimus, capitis, capiunt.

IMPERFECT.
capiebam, -iebas, -iebat; capiebamus, -iebatis, -iebant.

FUTURE.
capiam, -ies, -iet; capiemus, -ietis, -ient.

PERFECT.
cepi, -isti, -it; cepimus, -istis, -erunt or -ere.

PLUPERFECT.
ceperam, -eras, -erat; ceperamus, -eratis, -erant.

FUTURE PERFECT.
cepero, -eris, -erit; ceperimus, -eritis, -erint.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
capiam, -ias, -iat; capiamus, -iatis, -iant.

IMPERFECT.
caperem, -eres, -eret; caperemus, -eretis, -erent.

PERFECT.
ceperim, -eris, -erit; ceperimus, -eritis, -erint.

PLUPERFECT.
cepissem, -isses, -isset; cepissemus, -issetis, -issent.

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ cape; capite.
_Fut._ capito, capitote,
capito; capiunto.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ capere _Pres._ capiens.
_Perf._ cepisse.
_Fut._ capturus esse. _Fut._ capturus.

GERUND. SUPINE.
_Gen._ capiendi,
_Dat._ capiendo,
_Acc._ capiendum, _Acc._ captum,
_Abl._ capiendo. _Abl._ captu.

111. Passive Voice.--Capior, _I am taken_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND.
capior, capi, captus sum.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
capior, caperis, capitur; capimur, capimini, capiuntur.

IMPERFECT.
capiebar, -iebaris, -iebatur; capiebamur, -iebamini, -iebantur.

FUTURE.
capiar, -ieris, -ietur; capiemur, -iemini, -ientur.

PERFECT.
captus sum, es, est; capti sumus, estis, sunt.

PLUPERFECT.
captus eram, eras, erat; capti eramus, eratis, erant.

FUTURE PERFECT.
captus ero, eris, erit; capti erimus, eritis, erunt.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
capiar, -iaris, -iatur; capiamur, -iamini, -iantur.

IMPERFECT.
caperer, -ereris, -eretur; caperemur, -eremini, -erentur.

PERFECT.
captus sim, sis, sit; capti simus, sitis, sint.

PLUPERFECT.
captus essem, esses, esset; capti essemus, essetis, essent.

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ capere; capimini.
_Fut._ capitor,
capitor; capiuntor.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ capi.
_Perf._ captus esse. _Perfect._ captus.
_Fut._ captum iri. _Gerundive._ capiendus.

* * * * *

DEPONENT VERBS.

112. Deponent Verbs have in the main Passive _forms_ with Active or Neuter
_meaning_. But--

a. They have the following Active forms: Future Infinitive, Present and
Future Participles, Gerund, and Supine.

b. They have the following Passive meanings: always in the Gerundive, and
sometimes in the Perfect Passive Participle; as--

sequendus, _to be followed_; adeptus, _attained_.

113. Paradigms of Deponent Verbs are--

I. Conj. miror, mirari, miratus sum, _admire_.
II. Conj. vereor, vereri, veritus sum, _fear_.
III. Conj. sequor, sequi, secutus sum, _follow_.
IV. Conj. largior, largiri, largitus sum, _give_.
III. (in -ior) patior, pati, passus sum, _suffer_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
I. II. III. IV. III (in
-ior)
_Pres._ miror vereor sequor largior patior
miraris vereris sequeris largiris pateris
miratur veretur sequitur largitur patitur
miramur veremur sequimur largimur patimur
miramini veremini sequimini largimini patimini
mirantur verentur sequuntur largiuntur patiuntur
_Impf._ mirabar verebar sequebar largiebar patiebar
_Fut._ mirabor verebor sequar largiar patiar
_Perf._ miratus sum veritus sum secutus sum largitus sum passus sum
_Plup._ miratus veritus secutus largitus passus
eram eram eram eram eram
_F.P._ miratus ero veritus ero secutus ero largitus ero passus ero

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Pres._ mirer verear sequar largiar patiar
_Impf._ mirarer vererer sequerer largirer paterer
_Perf._ miratus sim veritus sim secutus sim largitus sim passus sim
_Plup._ miratus veritus sectutus largitus passus
essem essem essem essem essem

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ mirare, verere, sequere, largire, patere,
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.
_Fut._ mirator, veretor, sequitor, largitor, patitor,
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.

INFINITIVE.
_Pres._ mirari vereri sequi largiri pati
_Perf._ miratus veritus secutus largitus passus
esse esse esse esse esse
_Fut._ miraturus veriturus secuturus largiturus passurus
esse esse esse esse esse

PARTICIPLES.
_Pres._ mirans verens sequens largiens patiens
_Fut._ miraturus veriturus secuturus largiturus passurus
_Perf._ miratus veritus secutus largitus passus
_Ger._ mirandus verendus sequendus largiendus patiendus

GERUND.
mirandi verendi sequendi largiendi patiendi
mirando, verendo, sequendo, largiendo, patiendo,
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.

SUPINE.
miratum, veritum, secutum, largitum, passum,
-tu -tu -tu -tu -su

* * * * *

SEMI-DEPONENTS.

114. 1. Semi-Deponents are verbs which have the Present System in the
Active Voice, but the Perfect System in the Passive without change of
meaning. Here belong--

audeo, audere, ausus sum, _to dare_.
gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, _to rejoice_.
soleo, solere, solitus sum, _to be wont_.
fido, fidere, fisus sum, _to trust_.

2. The following verbs have a Perfect Passive Participle with Active
meaning:--

adolesco, _grow up_; adultus, _having grown up_,
cenare, _dine_; cenatus, _having dined_.
placere, _please_; placitus, _having pleased_, _agreeable_.
prandere, _lunch_; pransus, _having lunched_.
potare, _drink_; potus, _having drunk_.
jurare, _swear_; juratus, _having sworn_.

a. Juratus is used in a passive sense also.

3. Revertor and devertor both regularly form their Perfect in the Active
Voice; _viz_.--

revertor, reverti (Inf.), reverti (Perf.), _to return_.
devertor, deverti (Inf.), deverti (Perf.), _to turn aside_.

* * * * *

PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION.

115. There are two Periphrastic Conjugations,--the Active and the Passive.
The Active is formed by combining the Future Active Participle with the
auxiliary sum, the Passive by combining the Gerundive with the same
auxiliary.

Active Periphrastic Conjugation.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
_Pres._ amaturus (-a, -um) sum, _I am about to love_.
_Inf._ amaturus eram, _I was about to love_.
_Fut._ amaturus ero, _I shall be about to love_.
_Perf._ amaturus fui, _I have been (was) about to love_.
_Plup._ amaturus fueram, _I had been about to love_.
_Fut. P._ amaturus fuero, _I shall have been about to love_.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Pres._ amaturus sim, _may I be about to love_.
_Imp._ amaturus essem, _I should be about to love_.
_Perf._ amaturus fuerim, _I may have been about to love_.
_Plup._ amaturus fuissem, _I should have been about to love_.

INFINITIVE.
_Pres._ amaturus esse, _to be about to love_.
_Perf._ amaturus fuisse, _to have been about to love_.

Passive Periphrastic Conjugation.

INDICATIVE.
_Pres._ amandus (-a, -um) sum, _I am to be loved_, _must be loved_.
_Imp._ amandus eram, _I was to be loved_.
_Fut._ amandus ero, _I shall deserve to be loved_.
_Perf._ amandus fui, _I was to be loved_.
_Plup._ amandus fueram, _I had deserved to be loved_.
_Fut. P._ amandus fuero, _I shall have deserved to be loved_.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Pres._ amandus sim, _may I deserve to be loved_.
_Imp._ amandus essem, _I should deserve to be loved_.
_Perf._ amandus fuerim, _I may have deserved to be loved_.
_Plup._ amendus fuissem, _I should have deserved to be loved_.

INFINITIVE.
_Pres._ amandus esse, _to deserve to be loved_.
_Perf._ amantus fuisse, _to have deserved to be loved_.

* * * * *

PECULIARITIES OF CONJUGATION.

116. 1. Perfects in -avi, -evi, and -ivi, with the forms derived from them,
often drop the ve or vi before endings beginning with r or s. So also novi
(from nosco) and the compounds of movi (from moveo). Thus:--

amavisti amasti delevisti delesti
amavisse amasse delevisse delesse
amaverunt amarunt deleverunt delerunt
amaverim amarim deleverim delerim
amaveram amaram deleveram deleram
amavero amaro delevero delero
novisti nosti noverim norim
novisse nosse noveram noram
audivisti audisti audivisse audisse

2. In the Gerund and Gerundive of the Third and Fourth Conjugations, the
endings -undus, -undi, often occur instead of -endus and -endi, as
faciundus, faciundi.

3. Dico, duco, facio, form the Imperatives, dic, duc, fac. But compounds of
facio form the Imperative in -fice, as confice. Compounds of dico, duco,
accent the ultima; as, edu'c, edi'c.

4. Archaic and Poetic forms:--

a. The ending -ier in the Present Infinitive Passive; as, amarier,
monerier, dicier, for amari, moneri, dici.

b. The ending -ibam for -iebam in Imperfects of the Fourth Conjugation,
and -ibo for -iam in Futures; as, scibam, scibo, for sciebam, sciam.

c. Instead of the fuller forms, in such words as dixisti, scripsistis,
surrexisse, we sometimes find dixti, scripstis, surrexe, etc.

d. The endings -im, -is, etc. (for -am, -as, etc.) occur in a few
Subjunctive forms; as, edim (_eat_), duint, perduint.

5. In the Future Active and Perfect Passive Infinitive, the auxiliary esse
is often omitted; as, acturum for acturum esse; ejectus for ejectus esse.

* * * * *

FORMATION OF THE VERB STEMS.

Formation of the Present Stem.

117. Many verbs employ the simple Verb Stem for the Present Stem;[39] as,
dicere, amare, monere, audire. Others modify the Verb Stem to form the
Present, as follows:--

1. By appending the vowels, a, e, i; as,--

Present Stem Verb Stem
juvare, juva- juv-.
augere, auge- aug-.
vincire, vinci- vinc-.

2. By adding i, as capio, Present Stem capi- (Verb Stem cap-).

3. By the insertion of n (m before labial-mutes) before the final consonant
of the Verb Stem; as, fundo (Stem fud-), rumpo (Stem rup-).

4. By appending -n to the Verb Stem; as,--

cern-o pell-o (for pel-no).

5. By appending t to the Verb Stem; as,--

flect-o.

6. By appending sc to the Verb Stem; as,--

cresc-o. scisc-o.

7. By Reduplication, that is, by prefixing the initial consonant of the
Verb Stem with i; as,--

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