New Latin Grammar by Charles E. Bennett

C >> Charles E. Bennett >> New Latin Grammar

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2. A number of adjectives of the First and Second Declensions form an
Adverb in -o, instead of -e; as,--

crebro, _frequently_; falso, _falsely_;
continuo, subito, _suddenly_;
_immediately_;
raro, _rarely_, and a few
others.

a. cito, quickly, has -o.

3. A few adjectives employ the Accusative Singular Neuter as the Positive
of the Adverb; as,--

multum, _much_; paulum, facile,
_little_; _easily_.

4. A few adjectives of the First and Second Declensions form the Positive
in -iter; as,--

firmus, firmiter, _firmly_; humanus, humaniter, _humanly_;
largus, largiter, _copiously_; alius, aliter, _otherwise_.

a. violentus has violenter.

5. Various other adverbial suffixes occur, the most important of which are
-tus and -tim; as, antiquitus, _anciently_; paulatim, _gradually_.

* * * * *

NUMERALS.

78. Numerals may be divided into--

I. Numeral Adjectives, comprising--

a. _Cardinals_; as, unus, _one_; duo, _two_; etc.

b. _Ordinals_; as, primus, _first_; secundus, _second_; etc.

c. _Distributives_; as, singuli, _one by one_; bini, _two by two_; etc.

II. Numeral Adverbs; as, semel, _once_; bis, _twice_; etc.

79. TABLE OF NUMERAL ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.

CARDINALS. ORDINALS.
1. unus, una, unum primus, _first_
2. duo, duae, duo secundus, _second_
3. tres, tria tertius, _third_
4. quattuor quartus, _fourth_
5. quinque quintus, _fifth_
6. sex sextus
7. septem septimus
8. octo octavus
9. novem nonus
10. decem decimus
11. undecim undecimus
12. duodecim duodecimus
13. tredecim tertius decimus
14. quattuordecim quartus decimus
15. quindecim quintus decimus
16. sedecim, sextus decimus
sexdecim
17. septendecim septimus decimus
18. duodeviginti duodevicesimus
19. undeviginti undevicesimus
20. viginti vicesimus
21. viginti unus, vicesimus primus,
unus et viginti unus et vicesimus
22. viginti duo, vicesimus secundus,
duo et viginti alter et vicesimus
30. triginta tricesimus
40. quadraginta quadragesimus
50. quinquaginta quinquagesimus
60. sexaginta sexagesimus
70. septuaginta septuagesimus
80. octoginta octogesimus
90. nonaginta nonagesimus
100. centum centesimus
101. centum unus, centesimus primus,
centum et unus centesimus et primus
200. ducenti, -ae, -a ducentesimus
300. trecenti trecentesimus
400. quadringenti quadringentesimus
500. quingenti quingentesimus
600. sescenti sescentesimus
700. septingenti septingentesimus
800. octingenti octingentesimus
900. nongenti nongentesimus
1,000. mille millesimus
2,000. duo milia bis millesimus
100,000. centum milia centies millesimus
1,000,000. decies centena milia decies centies millesimus

DISTRIBUTIVES. ADVERBS.
1. singuli, _one by one_ semel, _once_
2. bini, _two by two_ bis
3. terni (trini) ter
4. quaterni quater
5. quini quinquies
6. seni sexies
7. septeni septies
8. octoni octies
9. noveni novies
10. deni decies
11. undeni undecies
12. duodeni duodecies
13. terni deni terdecies
14. quaterni deni quaterdecies
15. quini deni quinquies decies
16. seni deni sexies decies
17. septeni deni septies decies
18. duodeviceni octies decies
19. undeviceni novies decies
20. viceni vicies
21. viceni singuli, vicies semel
singuli et viceni
22. viceni bini, vicies bis
bini et viceni
30. triceni tricies
40. quadrageni quadragies
50. quinquageni quinquagies
60. sexageni sexagies
70. septuageni septuagies
80. octogeni octogies
90. nonageni nonagies
100. centeni centies
101. centeni singuli, centies semel
centeni et singuli
200. duceni ducenties
300. treceni trecenties
400. quadringeni quadringenties
500. quingeni quingenties
600. sesceni sescenties
700. septingeni septingenties
800. octingeni octingenties
900. nongeni nongenties
1,000. singula milia milies
2,000. bina milia bis milies
100,000. centena milia centies milies
1,000,000. decies centena milia decies centies milies

NOTE.-- -ensimus and -iens are often written in the numerals instead of
-esimus and -ies.

Declension of the Cardinals.

80. 1. The declension of unus has already been given under Sec. 66.

2. Duo is declined as follows:--

_Nom._ duo duae duo
_Gen._ duorum duarum duorum
_Dat._ duobus duabus duobus
_Acc._ duos, duo duas duo
_Abl._ duobus duabus duobus

a. So ambo, _both_, except that its final o is long.

3. Tres is declined,--

_Nom._ tres tria
_Gen._ trium trium
_Dat._ tribus tribus
_Acc._ tres (tris) tria
_Abl._ tribus tribus

4. The hundreds (except centum) are declined like the Plural of bonus.

5. Mille is regularly an adjective in the Singular, and indeclinable. In
the Plural it is a substantive (followed by the Genitive of the objects
enumerated; Sec. 201, 1), and is declined,--

_Nom._ milia _Acc._ milia
_Gen._ milium _Voc._ milia
_Dat._ milibus _Abl._ milibus

Thus mille homines, _a thousand men_; but duo milia hominum, _two thousand
men_, literally _two thousands of men_.

a. Occasionally the Singular admits the Genitive construction; as, mille
hominum.

6. Other Cardinals are indeclinable. Ordinals and Distributives are
declined like Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions.

Peculiarities in the Use of Numerals.

81. 1. The compounds from 21 to 99 may be expressed either with the larger
or the smaller numeral first. In the latter case, et is used. Thus:--

triginta sex or sex et triginta, _thirty-six_.

2. The numerals under 90, ending in 8 and 9, are often expressed by
subtraction; as,--

duodeviginti, _eighteen_ (but also octodecim);

undequadraginta, _thirty-nine_ (but also triginta novem or novem et
triginta).

3. Compounds over 100 regularly have the largest number first; the others
follow without et; as,--

centum viginti septem, _one hundred and twenty-seven_.

anno octingentesimo octogesimo secundo, _in the year 882_.

Yet et may be inserted where the smaller number is either a digit or one of
the tens; as,--

centum et septem, _one hundred and seven_;

centum et quadraginta, _one hundred and forty_.

4. The Distributives are used--

a) To denote _so much each_, _so many apiece_; as,--

bina talenta eis dedit, _he gave them two talents each_.

b) When those nouns that are ordinarily Plural in form, but Singular in
meaning, are employed in a Plural sense; as,--

binae litterae, _two epistles_.

But in such cases, uni (not singuli) is regularly employed for _one_, and
trini (not terni) for three; as,--

unae litterae, _one epistle_; trinae litterae, _three epistles_.

c) In multiplication; as,--

bis bina sunt quattuor, _twice two are four_.

d) Often in poetry, instead of the cardinals; as,--

bina hastilia, _two spears_.

* * * * *

C. PRONOUNS.

82. A Pronoun is a word that indicates something without naming it.

83. There are the following classes of pronouns:--

I. Personal. V. Intensive.
II. Reflexive. VI. Relative.
III. Possessive. VII. Interrogative.
IV. Demonstrative. VIII. Indefinite.

I. PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

84. These correspond to the English _I_, _you_, _he_, _she_, _it_, etc.,
and are declined as follows:--

First Person. Second Person. Third Person.

SINGULAR.
_Nom._ ego, _I_ tu, _thou_ is, _he_; ea, _she_; id,
_it_
_Gen._ mei tui (For declension see Sec. 87.)
_Dat._ mihi[22] tibi[22]
_Acc._ me te
_Voc._ ---- tu
_Abl._ me te

PLURAL.
_Nom._ nos, _we_ vos, _you_
_Gen._ nostrum, nostri vestrum, vestri
_Dat._ nobis vobis
_Acc._ nos vos
_Voc._ ---- vos
_Abl._ nobis vobis

1. A Dative Singular mi occurs in poetry.

2. Emphatic forms in -met are occasionally found; as, egomet, _I myself_;
tibimet, _to you yourself_; tu has tute and tutemet (written also tutimet).

3. In early Latin, med and ted occur as Accusative and Ablative forms.

* * * * *

II. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.

85. These refer to the subject of the sentence or clause in which they
stand; like _myself_, _yourself_, in '_I see myself_,' etc. They are
declined as follows:--

_First Person._ _Second Person._ _Third Person._
Supplied by oblique Supplied by oblique
cases of ego. cases of tu.
_Gen._ mei, _of myself_ tui, _of thyself_ sui
_Dat._ mihi, _to myself_ tibi, _to thyself_ sibi[22]
_Acc._ me, _myself_ te, _thyself_ se or sese
_Voc._ ---- ---- ----
_Abl._ me, _with myself_, te, _with thyself_, se or sese
etc. etc.

1. The Reflexive of the Third Person serves for _all genders_ and for _both
numbers_. Thus sui may mean, _of himself_, _herself_, _itself_, or _of
themselves_; and so with the other forms.

2. All of the Reflexive Pronouns have at times a _reciprocal_ force; as,--

inter se pugnant, _they fight with each other_.

3. In early Latin, sed occurs as Accusative and Ablative.

* * * * *

III. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

86. These are strictly adjectives of the First and Second Declensions, and
are inflected as such. They are--

_First Person._ _Second Person._
meus, -a, -um, _my_; tuus, -a, -um, _thy_;
noster, nostra, nostrum, vester, vestra, vestrum,
_our_; _your_;

_Third Person._
suus, -a, -um, _his_, _her_, _its_, _their_.

1. Suus is exclusively Reflexive; as,--

pater liberos suos amat, _the father loves his children_.

Otherwise, _his_, _her_, _its_ are regularly expressed by the Genitive
Singular of is, viz. ejus; and _their_ by the Genitive Plural, eorum,
earum.

2. The Vocative Singular Masculine of meus is mi.

3. The enclitic -pte may be joined to the Ablative Singular of the
Possessive Pronouns for the purpose of emphasis. This is particularly
common in case of suo, sua; as, suopte, suapte.

* * * * *

IV. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

87. These point out an object as here or there, or as previously mentioned.
They are--

hic, _this_ (where I am);
iste, _that_ (where you are);
ille, _that_ (something distinct from the speaker);
is, _that_ (weaker than ille);
idem, _the same_.

Hic, iste, and ille are accordingly the Demonstratives of the First,
Second, and Third Persons respectively.

Hic, _this_.
SINGULAR PLURAL.
MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER.
_Nom._ hic haec hoc hi hae haec
_Gen._ hujus[23] hujus hujus horum harum horum
_Dat._ huic huic huic his his his
_Acc._ hunc hanc hoc hos has haec
_Abl._ hoc hac hoc his his his

Iste, _that_, _that of yours._
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER.
_Nom._ iste ista istud[24] isti istae ista[24]
_Gen._ istius istius istius istorum istarum istorum
_Dat._ isti isti isti istis istis istis
_Acc._ istum istam istud istos istas ista[24]
_Abl._ isto ista isto istis istis istis

Ille (archaic olle), _that_, _that one_, _he_, is declined like iste.[25]

Is, _he_, _this_, _that_.
SINGULAR PLURAL.
MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER.
_Nom_. is ea id ei, ii, eae ea
(i)
_Gen._ ejus ejus ejus eorum earum eorum
_Dat._ ei ei ei eis, iis eis, iis eis, iis
_Acc._ eum eam id eos eas ea
_Abl._ eo ea eo eis, iis eis, iis eis, iis

Idem, _the same_.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER.
_Nom_. idem eadem idem eidem, eaedem eadem
iidem
_Gen._ ejusdem ejusdem ejusdem eorundem earundem eorundem
_Dat._ eidem eidem eidem eisdem eisdem eisdem
_Acc._ eundem eandem idem eosdem easdem eadem
_Abl._ eodem eadem eodem eisdem eisdem eisdem

The Nom. Plu. Masc. also has idem, and the Dat. Abl. Plu. isdem or iisdem

* * * * *

V. THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN.

88. The Intensive Pronoun in Latin is ipse. It corresponds to the English
_myself_, etc., in '_I myself_, _he himself._'

SINGULAR PLURAL.
MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER.
_Nom._ ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipsa
_Gen._ ipsius ipsius ipsius ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
_Dat._ ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis
_Acc._ ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa
_Abl._ ipso ipsa ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis

* * * * *

VI. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN.

89. The Relative Pronoun is qui, who. It is declined:--

SINGULAR PLURAL.
MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER.
_Nom._ qui quae quod qui quae quae
_Gen._ cujus cujus cujus quorum quarum quorum
_Dat._ cui cui cui quibus[26] quibus quibus
_Acc._ quem quam quod quos quas quae
_Abl._ quo[27] qua[27] quo quibus[26] quibus quibus

* * * * *

VII. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

90. The Interrogative Pronouns are quis, _who?_ (substantive) and qui,
_what? what kind of?_ (adjective).

1. Quis, _who_?

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
MASC. AND FEM. NEUTER
_Nom._ quis quid The rare Plural
_Gen._ cujus cujus follows the declension
_Dat._ cui cui of the Relative Pronoun.
_Acc._ quem quid
_Abl._ quo quo

2. Qui, _what? what kind of?_ is declined precisely like the Relative
Pronoun; viz. qui, quae, quod, etc.

a. An old Ablative qui occurs, in the sense of _how? why?_

b. Qui is sometimes used for quis in Indirect Questions.

c. Quis, when limiting words denoting persons, is sometimes an adjective.
But in such cases quis homo = _what man?_ whereas qui homo = _what sort
of man?_

d. Quis and qui may be strengthened by adding -nam. Thus:--

Substantive: quisnam, _who, pray?_ quidnam, _what, pray?_
Adjective: quinam, quaenam, quodnam, _of what kind, pray?_

* * * * *

VIII. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

91. These have the general force of _some one_, _any one_.

SUBSTANTIVES. ADJECTIVES.
M. AND F. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
quis, quid, qui, quae, qua, quod,
_any one_, _anything_. _any_.
aliquis, aliquid, aliqui, aliqua, aliquod,
_some one_, _any_.
_something_.
quisquam, quidquam, quisquam, quidquam,
_any one_, _anything_. _any_ (rare)
quispiam, quidpiam, quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam,
_any one_, _anything_. _any_.
quisque, quidque, quisque, quaeque, quodque,
_each_. _each_.
quivis, quaevis, quidvis, quivis, quaevis, quodvis,
quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet,
_any one_ (_anything_) _any you wish_
_you wish_
quidam, quaedam, quiddam, quidam, quaedam, quoddam,
_a certain person_, or _a certain_
_thing_.

1. In the Indefinite Pronouns, only the pronominal part is declined. Thus:
Genitive Singular alicujus, cujuslibet, etc.

2. Note that aliqui has aliqua in the Nominative Singular Feminine, also in
the Nominative and Accusative Plural Neuter. Qui has both qua and quae in
these same cases.

3. Quidam forms Accusative Singular quendam, quandam; Genitive Plural
quorundam, quarundam; the m being assimilated to n before d.

4. Aliquis may be used adjectively, and (occasionally) aliqui
substantively.

5. In combination with ne, si, nisi, num, either quis or qui may stand as a
Substantive. Thus: si quis or si qui.

6. Ecquis, _any one_, though strictly an Indefinite, generally has
interrogative force. It has both substantive and adjective
forms,--substantive, ecquis, ecquid; adjective, ecqui, ecquae and ecqua,
ecquod.

7. Quisquam is not used in the Plural.

8. There are two Indefinite Relatives,--quicumque and quisquis, _whoever_.
Quicumque declines only the first part; quisquis declines both but has only
quisquis, quidquid, quoquo, in common use.

* * * * *

PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.

92. The following adjectives, also, frequently have pronominal force:--

1. alius, _another;_ alter, _the other;_
uter, _which of two?_ (interr.); neuter, _neither;_
_whichever of two_ (rel.);
unus, _one_; nullus, _no one_ (in oblique
cases)

2. The compounds,--

uterque, utraque, utrumque, _each of two;_
utercumque, utracumque, utrumcumque, _whoever of two;_
uterlibet, utralibet, utrumlibet, _either one you please;_
utervis, utravis, utrumvis, _either one you please;_
alteruter, alterutra, alterutrum, _the one or the other_.

In these, uter alone is declined. The rest of the word remains unchanged,
except in case of alteruter, which may decline both parts; as,--

_Nom._ alteruter altera utra alterum utrum
_Gen._ alterius utrius, etc.

* * * * *

CHAPTER II.--_Conjugation._

93. A Verb is a word which asserts something; as, est, _he is_; amat, _he
loves_. The Inflection of Verbs is called Conjugation.

94. Verbs have Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, and Person:--

1. Two Voices,--Active and Passive.

2. Three Moods,--Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative.

3. Six Tenses,--

Present, Perfect,
Imperfect, Pluperfect,
Future, Future
Perfect.

But the Subjunctive lacks the Future and Future Perfect; while the
Imperative employs only the Present and Future.

4. Two Numbers,--Singular and Plural.

5. Three Persons,--First, Second, and Third.

95. These make up the so-called _Finite Verb_. Besides this, we have the
following Noun and Adjective Forms:--

1. Noun Forms,--Infinitive, Gerund, and Supine.

2. Adjective Forms,--Participles (including the Gerundive).

96. The Personal Endings of the Verb are,--

Active. Passive.
_Sing_. 1. -o; -m; -i (Perf. Ind.); -r.
2. -s; -sti (Perf Ind.); -ris, -re;
-to or wanting (Impv.); -re, -tor (Impv.).
3. -t; -to (Impv.); -tur; -tor (Impv.).
_Plu_. 1. -mus; -mur.
2. -tis; -stis (Perf. Ind.); -mini.
-te, -tote (Impv.);
3. -nt; -erunt (Perf Ind.); -ntur; -ntor (Impv.).
-nto (Impv.);

VERB STEMS.

97. Conjugation consists in appending certain endings to the Stem. We
distinguish three different stems in a fully inflected verb,--

I. Present Stem, from which are formed--
1. Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative,
2. Present and Imperfect Subjunctive,
3. The Imperative,
4. The Present Infinitive,
- (Active and Passive.)
5. The Present Active Participle, the Gerund, and Gerundive.
II. Perfect Stem, from which are formed--
1. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative,
2. Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive,
3. Perfect Infinitive,
- (Active.)
III. Participial Stem, from which are formed--
1. Perfect Participle,
2. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative,
3. Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive,
4. Perfect Infinitive,
- (Passive.)

Apparently from the same stem, though really of different origin, are the
Supine, the Future Active Participle, the Future Infinitive Active and
Passive.

THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.

98. There are in Latin four regular Conjugations, distinguished from each
other by the vowel of the termination of the Present Infinitive Active, as
follows:--

INFINITIVE DISTINGUISHING
CONJUGATION. TERMINATION. VOWEL.
I. -are a
II. -ere e
III. -ere e
IV. -ire i

99. PRINCIPAL PARTS. The Present Indicative, Present Infinitive, Perfect
Indicative, and the Perfect Participle[28] constitute the Principal Parts
of a Latin verb,--so called because they contain the different stems, from
which the full conjugation of the verb may be derived.

* * * * *

CONJUGATION OF SUM.

100. The irregular verb sum is so important for the conjugation of all
other verbs that its inflection is given at the outset.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. FUT. PARTIC.[29]
sum esse fui futurus

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