New Latin Grammar by Charles E. Bennett

C >> Charles E. Bennett >> New Latin Grammar

Pages:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24

_Nom._ ingenium filius
_Gen._ ingeni fili

These Genitives accent the penult, even when it is short.

3. Filius forms the Vocative Singular in -i (for -ie); _viz_. fili, _O
son!_

4. Deus, _god_, lacks the Vocative Singular. The Plural is inflected as
follows:--

_Nom._ di (dei)
_Gen._ deorum (deum)
_Dat._ dis (deis)
_Acc._ deos
_Voc._ di (dei)
_Abl._ dis (deis)

5. The Locative Singular ends in -i; as, Corinthi, _at Corinth_.

6. The Genitive Plural has -um, instead of -orum,--

a) in words denoting money and measure; as, talentum, _of talents_;
modium, _of pecks_; sestertium, _of sesterces_.

b) in duumvir, triumvir, decemvir; as, duumvirum.

c) sometimes in other words; as, liberum, _of the children_; socium, _of
the allies_.

Exceptions to Gender in the Second Declension.

26. 1. The following nouns in -us are Feminine by exception:--

a) Names of towns, islands, trees--according to the general rule laid
down in Sec. 15, 2; also some names of countries; as Aegyptus, _Egypt_.

b) Five special words,--

alvus, _belly_;
carbasus, _flax_;
colus, _distaff_;
humus, _ground_;
vannus, _winnowing-fan_.

c) A few Greek Feminines; as,--

atomus, _atom_;
diphthongus, _diphthong_.

2. The following nouns in -us are Neuter:--

pelagus, _sea_;
virus, _poison_;
vulgus, _crowd_.

Greek Nouns of the Second Declension.

27. These end in -os, -os, Masculine or Feminine; and -on, Neuter. They are
mainly proper names, and are declined as follows:--

Barbitos, m. Androgeos, m., Ilion, n.,
and f., _Androgeos._ _Troy._
_lyre._
_Nom._ barbitos Androgeos Ilion
_Gen._ barbiti Androgeo, -i Ilii
_Dat._ barbito Androgeo Ilio
_Acc._ barbiton Androgeo, -on Ilion
_Voc._ barbite Androgeos Ilion
_Abl._ barbito Androgeo Ilio

1. Nouns in -os sometimes form the Accusative Singular in -um instead of
-on; as, Delum, _Delos_.

2. The Plural of Greek nouns, when it occurs, is usually regular.

3. For other rare forms of Greek nouns the lexicon may be consulted.

* * * * *

THIRD DECLENSION.

28. Nouns of the Third Declension end in -a, -e, -i, -o, -y, -c, -l, -n,
-r, -s, -t, -x. The Third Declension includes several distinct classes of
Stems,--

I. Pure Consonant-Stems.
II. i-Stems.
III. Consonant-Stems which have partially adapted themselves to the
inflection of i-Stems.
IV. A very few stems ending in a long vowel or a diphthong.
V. Irregular Nouns.

I. Consonant-Stems.

29. 1. In these the stem appears in its unaltered form in all the oblique
cases, so that the actual case-endings may be clearly recognized.

2. Consonant-Stems fall into several natural subdivisions, according as the
stem ends in a Mute, Liquid, Nasal, or Spirant.

_A. Mute-Stems._

30. Mute-Stems may end,--

1. In a Labial (p); as, princep-s.

2. In a Guttural (g or c); as, remex (remeg-s); dux (duc-s).

3. In a Dental (d or t); as, lapis (lapid-s); miles (milet-s).

1. STEMS IN A LABIAL MUTE (p).

31. Princeps, m., _chief_.

SINGULAR. TERMINATION.
_Nom._ princeps -s
_Gen._ principis -is
_Dat._ principi -i
_Acc._ principem -em
_Voc._ princeps -s
_Abl._ principe -e

PLURAL.
_Nom._ principes -es
_Gen._ principum -um
_Dat._ principibus -ibus
_Acc._ principes -es
_Voc._ principes -es
_Abl._ principibus -ibus

2. STEMS IN A GUTTURAL MUTE (g, c).

32. In these the termination -s of the Nominative Singular unites with the
guttural, thus producing -x.

Remex, m., _rower_. Dux, c., _leader_.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Nom._ remex remiges dux duces
_Gen._ remigis remigum ducis ducum
_Dat._ remigi remigibus duci ducibus
_Acc._ remigem remiges ducem duces
_Voc._ remex remiges dux duces
_Abl._ remige remigibus duce ducibus

3. STEMS IN A DENTAL MUTE (d, t).

33. In these the final d or t of the stem disappears in the Nominative
Singular before the ending -s.

Lapis, m., _stone_. Miles, m., _soldier_.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Nom._ lapis lapides miles milites
_Gen._ lapidis lapidum militis militum
_Dat._ lapidi lapidibus militi militibus
_Acc._ lapidem lapides militem milites
_Voc._ lapis lapides miles milites
_Abl._ lapide lapidibus milite militibus

_B. Liquid Stems._

34. These end in -l or -r.

Vigil, m., Victor, m., Aequor, n.,
_watchman_. _conqueror_. _sea_.

SINGULAR.
_Nom._ vigil victor aequor
_Gen._ vigilis victoris aequoris
_Dat._ vigili victori aequori
_Acc._ vigilem victorem aequor
_Voc._ vigil victor aequor
_Abl._ vigile victore aequore

PLURAL.
_Nom._ vigiles victores aequora
_Gen._ vigilum victorum aequorum
_Dat._ vigilibus victoribus aequoribus
_Acc._ vigiles victores aequora
_Voc._ vigiles victores aequora
_Abl._ vigilibus victoribus aequoribus

1. Masculine and Feminine stems ending in a liquid form the Nominative and
Vocative Singular without termination.

2. The termination is also lacking in the Nominative, Accusative and
Vocative Singular of all neuters of the Third Declension.

_C. Nasal Stems._

35. These end in -n,[13] which often disappears in the Nom. Sing.

Leo, m., _lion_. Nomen, n., _name_
SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Nom._ leo leones nomen nomina
_Gen._ leonis leonum nominis nominum
_Dat._ leoni leonibus nomini nominibus
_Acc._ leonem leones nomen nomina
_Voc._ leo leones nomen nomina
_Abl._ leone leonibus nomine nominibus

_D. s-Stems._

36. Mos, m. Genus, n., Honor, m.,
_custom_. _race_. _honor_.

SINGULAR.
_Nom._ mos genus honor
_Gen._ moris generis honoris
_Dat._ mori generi honori
_Acc._ morem genus honorem
_Voc._ mos genus honor
_Abl._ more genere honore

PLURAL.
_Nom._ mores genera honores
_Gen._ morum generum honorum
_Dat._ moribus generibus honoribus
_Acc._ mores genera honores
_Voc._ mores genera honores
_Abl._ moribus generibus honoribus

1. Note that the final s of the stem becomes r (between vowels) in the
oblique cases. In many words (honor, color, and the like) the r of the
oblique cases has, by analogy, crept into the Nominative, displacing the
earlier s, though the forms honos, colos, etc., also occur, particularly in
early Latin and in poetry.

II. i-Stems.

_A. Masculine and Feminine i-Stems._

37. These regularly end in -is in the Nominative Singular, and always have
-ium in the Genitive Plural. Originally the Accusative Singular ended in
-im, the Ablative Singular in -i, and the Accusative Plural in -is; but
these endings have been largely displaced by -em, -e, and -es, the endings
of Consonant-Stems.

38. Tussis, f., Ignis, m., Hostis, c.,
_cough_; stem, _fire_; stem, _enemy_; stem,
tussi-. igni-. hosti-.

SINGULAR. TERMINATION.
_Nom._ tussis ignis hostis -is
_Gen._ tussis ignis hostis -is
_Dat._ tussi igni hosti -i
_Acc._ tussim ignem hostem -im, -em
_Voc._ tussis ignis hostis -is
_Abl._ tussi igni or e hoste -i, -e

PLURAL.
_Nom._ tusses ignes hostes -es
_Gen._ tussium ignium hostium -ium
_Dat._ tussibus ignibus hostibus -ibus
_Acc._ tussis or -es ignis or -es hostis or -es -is, -es
_Voc._ tusses ignes hostes -es
_Abl._ tussibus ignibus hostibus -ibus

1. To the same class belong--

apis, _bee_. cratis, _hurdle_. +*securis, _axe_.
auris, _ear_. *febris, _fever_. sementis, _sowing_.
avis, _bird_. orbis, _circle_. +*sitis, _thirst_.
axis, _axle_. ovis, _sheep_. torris, _brand_.
*buris, _plough-beam_. pelvis, _basin_. +*turris, _tower_.
clavis, _key_. puppis, _stern_. trudis, _pole_.
collis, _hill_. restis, _rope_. vectis, _lever_.
and many others.

Words marked with a star regularly have Acc. -im; those marked with a +
regularly have Abl. -i. Of the others, many at times show -im and -i. Town
and river names in -is regularly have -im, -i.

2. Not all nouns in -is are i-Stems. Some are genuine consonant-stems, and
have the regular consonant terminations throughout, notably, canis, _dog_;
juvenis, _youth_.[14]

3. Some genuine i-Stems have become disguised in the Nominative Singular;
as, pars, _part_, for par(ti)s; anas, _duck_, for ana(ti)s; so also mors,
_death_; dos, _dowry_; nox, _night_; sors, _lot_; mens, _mind_; ars, _art_;
gens, _tribe_; and some others.

_B. Neuter i-Stems._

39. These end in the Nominative Singular in -e, -al, and -ar. They always
have -i in the Ablative Singular, -ia in the Nominative, Accusative, and
Vocative Plural, and -ium in the Genitive Plural, thus holding more
steadfastly to the i-character than do Masculine and Feminine i-Stems.

Sedile, Animal, Calcar,
_seat_; _animal_; _spur_;
stem, sedili-. stem, stem,
animali-. calcari-.

SINGULAR. TERMINATION.
_Nom._ sedile animal calcar -e or wanting
_Gen._ sedilis animalis calcaris -is
_Dat._ sedili animali calcari -i
_Acc._ sedile animal calcar -e or wanting
_Voc._ sedile animal calcar -e or wanting
_Abl._ sedili animali calcari -i

PLURAL.
_Nom._ sedilia animalia calcaria -ia
_Gen._ sedilium animalium calcarium -ium
_Dat._ sedilibus animalibus calcaribus -ibus
_Acc._ sedilia animalia calcaria -ia
_Voc._ sedilia animalia calcaria -ia
_Abl._ sedilibus animalibus calcaribus -ibus

1. In most words of this class the final -i of the stem is lost in the
Nominative Singular; in others it appears as -e.

2. Proper names in -e form the Ablative Singular in -e; as, Soracte, _Mt.
Soracte_; so also sometimes mare, _sea_.

III. Consonant-Stems that have partially adapted themselves
to the Inflection of _i_-Stems.

40. Many Consonant-Stems have so far adapted themselves to the inflection
of i-stems as to take -ium in the Genitive Plural, and -is in the
Accusative Plural. Their true character as Consonant-Stems, however, is
shown by the fact that they never take -im in the Accusative Singular, or
-i in the Ablative Singular. The following words are examples of this
class:--

Caedes, f., Arx, f., Linter, f.,
_slaughter_; _citadel_; _skiff_;
stem, caed-. stem, arc-. stem, lintr-.

SINGULAR.
_Nom._ caedes arx linter
_Gen._ caedis arcis lintris
_Dat._ caedi arci lintri
_Acc._ caedem arcem lintrem
_Voc._ caedes arx linter
_Abl._ caede arce lintre

PLURAL.
_Nom._ caedes arces lintres
_Gen._ caedium arcium lintrium
_Dat._ caedibus arcibus lintribus
_Acc._ caedes, -is arces, -is lintres, -is
_Voc._ caedes arces lintres
_Abl._ caedibus arcibus lintribus

1. The following classes of nouns belong here:--

a) Nouns in -es, with Genitive in -is; as, nubes, aedes, clades, etc.

b) Many monosyllables in -s or -x preceded by one or more consonants; as,
urbs, mons, stirps, lanx.

c) Most nouns in -ns and -rs as, cliens, cohors.

d) Uter, venter; fur, lis, mas, mus, nix; and the Plurals fauces,
penates, Optimates, Samnites, Quirites.

e) Sometimes nouns in -tas with Genitive -tatis; as, civitas, aetas.
Civitas _usually_ has civitatium.

IV. Stems in _-i_, _-u_, and Diphthongs.

41. Vis, f., Sus, c., Bos, c., _ox_, Juppiter, m.,
_force_; _swine_; _cow_; _Jupiter_;
stem, vi-. stem, su-. stem, bou-. stem, Jou-.

SINGULAR.
_Nom._ vis sus bos Juppiter
_Gen._ ---- suis bovis Jovis
_Dat._ ---- sui bovi Jovi
_Acc._ vim suem bovem Jovem
_Voc._ vis sus bos Juppiter
_Abl._ vi sue bove Jove

PLURAL.
_Nom._ vires sues boves
_Gen._ virium suum bovum, boum
_Dat._ viribus suibus, subus bobus, bubus
_Acc._ vires sues boves
_Voc._ vires sues boves
_Abl._ viribus suibus, subus bobus, bubus

1. Notice that the oblique cases of sus have u in the root syllable.

2. Grus is declined like sus, except that the Dative and Ablative Plural
are always gruibus.

3. Juppiter is for Jou-pater, and therefore contains the same stem as in
Jov-is, Jov-i, etc.

Navis was originally a diphthong stem ending in au-, but it has passed over
to the i-stems (Sec. 37). Its ablative often ends in -i.

V. Irregular Nouns.

42. Senex, m., Caro, f., Os, n.,
_old man_. _flesh_. _bone_.

SINGULAR.
_Nom._ senex caro os
_Gen._ senis carnis ossis
_Dat._ seni carni ossi
_Acc._ senem carnem os
_Voc._ senex caro os
_Abl._ sene carne osse

PLURAL.
_Nom._ senes carnes ossa
_Gen._ senum carnium ossium
_Dat._ senibus carnibus ossibus
_Acc._ senes carnes ossa
_Voc._ senes carnes ossa
_Abl._ senibus carnibus ossibus

1. Iter, itineris, n., _way_, is inflected regularly throughout from the
stem itiner-.

2. Supellex, supellectilis, f., _furniture_, is confined to the Singular.
The oblique cases are formed from the stem supellectil-. The ablative has
both -i and -e.

3. Jecur, n., _liver_, forms its oblique cases from two stems,--jecor- and
jecinor-. Thus, Gen. jecoris or jecinoris.

4. Femur, n., _thigh_, usually forms its oblique cases from the stem
femor-, but sometimes from the stem femin-. Thus, Gen. femoris or feminis.

General Principles of Gender in the Third Declension.

43. 1. Nouns in -o, -or, -os, -er, -es are Masculine.

2. Nouns in -as, -es, -is, -ys, -x, -s (preceded by a consonant); -do, -go
(Genitive -inis); -io (abstract and collective), -us (Genitive -atis or
-udis) are Feminine.

3. Nouns ending in -a, -e, -i, -y, -o, -l, -n, -t, -ar, -ur, -us are
Neuter.

Chief Exceptions to Gender in the Third Declension.

44. Exceptions to the Rule for Masculines.

1. Nouns in -o.

a. Feminine: caro, _flesh_.

2. Nouns in -or.

a. Feminine: arbor, _tree_.

b. Neuter: aequor, _sea_; cor, _heart_; marmor, _marble_.

3. Nouns in -os.

a. Feminine: dos, _dowry_.

b. Neuter: os (oris), _mouth_.

4. Nouns in -er.

a. Feminine: linter, _skiff_.

b. Neuter: cadaver, _corpse_; iter, _way_; tuber, _tumor_; uber, _udder_.
Also botanical names in -er; as, acer, _maple_.

5. Nouns in -es.

a. Feminine: seges, _crop_.

45. Exceptions to the Rule for Feminines.

1. Nouns in -as.

a. Masculine: vas, _bondsman_.

b. Neuter: vas, _vessel_.

2. Nouns in -es.

a. Masculine: aries, _ram_; paries, _wall_; pes, _foot_.

3. Nouns in -is.

a. Masculine: all nouns in -nis and -guis; as, amnis, _river_; ignis,
_fire_; panis, _bread_; sanguis, _blood_; unguis, _nail_.

Also--

axis, _axle_. piscis, _fish_.
collis, _hill_. postis, _post_.
fascis, _bundle_. pulvis, _dust_.
lapis, _stone_. orbis, _circle_.
mensis, _month_. sentis, _brier_.

4. Nouns in -x.

a. Masculine: apex, _peak_; codex, _tree-trunk_; grex, _flock_; imbrex,
_tile_; pollex, _thumb_; vertex, _summit_; calix, _cup_.

5. Nouns in -s preceded by a consonant.

a. Masculine: dens, _tooth_; fons, _fountain_; mons, _mountain_; pons,
_bridge_.

6. Nouns in -do.

a. Masculine: cardo, _hinge_; ordo, _order_.

46. Exceptions to the Rule for Neuters.

1. Nouns in -l.

a. Masculine: sol, _sun_; sal, _salt_.

2. Nouns in -n.

a. Masculine: pecten, _comb_.

3. Nouns in -ur.

a. Masculine: vultur, _vulture_.

4. Nouns in -us.

a. Masculine: lepus, _hare_.

Greek Nouns of the Third Declension.

47. The following are the chief peculiarities of these:--

1. The ending -a in the Accusative Singular; as, aethera, _aether_;
Salamina, _Salamis_.

2. The ending -es in the Nominative Plural; as, Phryges, _Phrygians_.

3. The ending -as in the Accusative Plural; as, Phrygas, _Phrygians_.

4. Proper names in -as (Genitive -antis) have -a in the Vocative Singular;
as, Atlas (Atlantis), Vocative Atla, _Atlas_.

5. Neuters in -ma (Genitive -matis) have -is instead of -ibus in the Dative
and Ablative Plural; as, poematis, _poems_.

6. Orpheus, and other proper names ending in -eus, form the Vocative
Singular in -eu (Orpheu, etc.). But in prose the other cases usually follow
the second declension; as, Orphei, Orpheo, etc.

7. Proper names in -es, like Pericles, form the Genitive Singular sometimes
in -is, sometimes in -i, as, Periclis or Pericli.

8. Feminine proper names in -o have -us in the Genitive, but -o in the
other oblique cases; as,--

_Nom._ Dido _Acc._ Dido
_Gen._ Didus _Voc._ Dido
_Dat._ Dido _Abl._ Dido

9. The regular Latin endings often occur in Greek nouns.

* * * * *

FOURTH DECLENSION.

_u_-Stems.

48. Nouns of the Fourth Declension end in -us Masculine, and -u Neuter.
They are declined as follows:--

Fructus, m., _fruit_. Cornu, n., _horn_.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Nom._ fructus fructus cornu cornua
_Gen._ fructus fructuum cornus cornuum
_Dat._ fructui fructibus cornu cornibus
_Acc._ fructum fructus cornu cornua
_Voc._ fructus fructus cornu cornua
_Abl._ fructu fructibus cornu cornibus

Peculiarities of Nouns of the Fourth Declension.

49. 1. Nouns in -us, particularly in early Latin, often form the Genitive
Singular in -i, following the analogy of nouns in -us of the Second
Declension; as, senati, ornati. This is usually the case in Plautus and
Terence.

2. Nouns in -us sometimes have -u in the Dative Singular, instead of -ui;
as, fructu (for fructui).

3. The ending -ubus, instead of -ibus, occurs in the Dative and Ablative
Plural of artus (Plural), _limbs_; tribus, _tribe_; and in dis-syllables in
-cus; as, artubus, tribubus, arcubus, lacubus. But with the exception of
tribus, all these words admit the forms in -ibus as well as those in -ubus.

4. Domus, _house_, is declined according to the Fourth Declension, but has
also the following forms of the Second:--

domi (locative), _at home_;
domo, _from home_;
domum, _homewards_, _to one's home_;
domos, _homewards_, _to their_ (etc.) _homes_

5. The only Neuters of this declension in common use are: cornu, _horn_;
genu, _knee_; and veru, _spit_.

Exceptions to Gender in the Fourth Declension.

50. The following nouns in -us are Feminine: acus, _needle_; domus,
_house_; manus, _hand_; porticus, _colonnade_; tribus, _tribe_; Idus
(Plural), _Ides_; also names of trees (Sec. 15, 2).

* * * * *

FIFTH DECLENSION.

e-Stems.

51. Nouns of the Fifth Declension end in -es, and are declined as
follows:--

Dies, m., _day_. Res, f., _thing_.
SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Nom._ dies dies res res
_Gen._ diei dierum rei rerum
_Dat._ diei diebus rei rebus
_Acc._ diem dies rem res
_Voc._ dies dies res res
_Abl._ die diebus re rebus

Peculiarities of Nouns of the Fifth Declension.

52. 1. The ending of the Genitive and Dative Singular is -ei, instead of
-ei, when a consonant precedes; as, spei, rei, fidei.

2. A Genitive ending -i (for -ei) is found in plebi (from plebes = plebs)
in the expressions tribunus plebi, _tribune of the people_, and plebi
scitum, _decree of the people_; sometimes also in other words.

3. A Genitive and Dative form in -e sometimes occurs; as, acie.

4. With the exception of dies and res, most nouns of the Fifth Declension
are not declined in the Plural. But acies, series, species, spes, and a few
others are used in the Nominative and Accusative Plural.

Gender in the Fifth Declension.

53. Nouns of the Fifth Declension are regularly Feminine, except dies,
_day_, and meridies, _mid-day_. But dies is sometimes Feminine in the
Singular, particularly when it means an _appointed day_.

* * * * *

DEFECTIVE NOUNS.

54. Here belong--

1. Nouns used in the Singular only.

2. Nouns used in the Plural only.

3. Nouns used only in certain cases.

4. Indeclinable Nouns.

Nouns used in the Singular only.

55. Many nouns, from the nature of their signification, are regularly used
in the Singular only. Thus:--

1. Proper names; as, Cicero, _Cicero_; Italia, _Italy_.

2. Nouns denoting material; as, aes, _copper_; lac, _milk_.

3. Abstract nouns; as, ignorantia, _ignorance_; bonitas, _goodness_.

4. But the above classes of words are sometimes used in the Plural. Thus:--

a) Proper names,--to denote different members of a family, or specimens
of a type; as, Cicerones, _the Ciceros_; Catones, _men like Cato_.

b) Names of materials,--to denote objects made of the material, or
different kinds of the substance; as, aera, _bronzes_ (i.e. bronze
figures); ligna, _woods_.

c) Abstract nouns,--to denote instances of the quality; as, ignorantiae,
_cases of ignorance_.

Nouns used in the Plural only.

56. Here belong--

1. Many geographical names; as, Thebae, _Thebes_; Leuctra, _Leuctra_;
Pompeji, _Pompeii_.

2. Many names of festivals; as, Megalesia, _the Megalesian festival_.

3. Many special words, of which the following are the most important:--

angustiae, _narrow pass_. manes, _spirits of the
arma, _weapons_. dead_.
deliciae, _delight_. moenia, _city walls_.
divitiae, _riches_. minae, _threats_.
Idus, _Ides_. nuptiae, _marriage_.
indutiae, _truce_. posteri, _descendants_.
insidiae, _ambush_. reliquiae, _remainder_.
majores, _ancestors_. tenebrae, _darkness_.
verbera, _blows_.

Pages:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24