New Latin Grammar by Charles E. Bennett

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In the Periodic structure the thought is suspended until the end of the
sentence is reached. Many Roman writers were extremely fond of this
sentence-structure, and it was well adapted to the inflectional character
of their language; in English we generally avoid it.

6. When there are several subordinate clauses in one Period, the Latin so
arranges them as to avoid a succession of verbs. Thus:--

At hostes cum misissent, qui, quae in castris gererentur, cognoscerent,
ubi se deceptos intellexerunt, omnibus copiis subsecuti ad flumen
contendunt, _but the enemy when they had sent men to learn what was
going on in camp, after discovering that they had been outwitted,
followed with all their forces and hurried to the river_.

* * * * *

CHAPTER VIII.-_Hints on Latin Style._

352. In this chapter brief consideration is given to a few features of
Latin diction which belong rather to style than to formal grammar.

NOUNS.

353. 1. Where a distinct reference to several persons or things is
involved, the Latin is frequently _much more exact in the use of the
Plural_ than is the English; as,--

domos eunt, _they go home (i.e. to their homes_);

Germani corpora curant, _the Germans care for the body_;

animos militum recreat, _he renews the courage of the soldiers_;

dies noctesque timere, _to be in a state of fear day and night_.

2. In case of Neuter Pronouns and Adjectives used substantively, the Latin
often employs the Plural where the English uses the Singular; as,--

omnia sunt perdita, _everything is lost_;

quae cum ita sint, _since this is so_;

haec omnibus pervulgata sunt, _this is very well known to all_.

3. The Latin is usually _more concrete_ than the English, and especially
_less bold in the personification_ of abstract qualities. Thus:--

a puero, a pueris, _from boyhood_;

Sulla dictatore, _in Sulla's dictatorship_;

me duce, _under my leadership_;

Romani cum Carthaginiensibus pacem fecerunt = _Rome made peace with
Carthage_;

liber doctrinae plenus = _a learned book_;

prudentia Themistoclis Graecia servata est = _Themistocles's foresight
saved Greece_.

4. The Nouns of Agency in -tor and -sor (see Sec. 147, 1) denote a _permanent_
or _characteristic activity_; as,--

accusatores, _(professional) accusers_;

oratores, _pleaders_;

cantores, _singers_;

Arminius, Germaniae liberator, _Arminius, liberator of Germany_.

a. To denote single instances of an action, other expressions are
commonly employed; as,--

Numa, qui Romulo successit, _Numa, successor of Romulus_;

qui mea legunt, _my readers_;

qui me audiunt, _my auditors_.

5. The Latin avoids the use of prepositional phrases as modifiers of a
Noun. In English we say: '_The war against Carthage_'; '_a journey through
Gaul_'; '_cities on the sea_'; '_the book in my hands_'; '_the fight at
Salamis_'; etc. The Latin in such cases usually employs another mode of
expression. Thus:--

a) A Genitive; as,--

dolor injuriarum, _resentment at injuries_.

b) An Adjective; as,--

urbes maritimae, _cities on the sea_;

pugna Salaminia, _the fight at Salamis_.

c) A Participle; as,--

pugna ad Cannas facta, _the battle at Cannae_.

d) A Relative clause; as,--

liber qui in meis manibus est, _the book in my hands_.

NOTE.--Yet within certain limits the Latin does employ Prepositional
phrases as Noun modifiers. This is particularly frequent when the governing
noun is derived from a verb. The following are typical examples:--

transitus in Britanniam, _the passage to Britain_;

excessus e vita, _departure from life_;

odium erga Romanos, _hatred of the Romans_;

liber de senectute, _the book on old age_;

amor in patriam, _love for one's country_.

ADJECTIVES.

354. 1. Special Latin Equivalents for English Adjectives are--

a) A Genitive; as,--

virtutes animi = _moral virtues_;

dolores corporis = _bodily ills_.

b) An Abstract Noun; as,--

novitas rei = _the strange circumstance_;

asperitas viarum = _rough roads_.

c) Hendiadys (see Sec. 374, 4); as,--

ratio et ordo = _systematic order_;

ardor et impetus = _eager onset_.

d) Sometimes an Adverb; as,--

omnes circa populi, _all the surrounding tribes_;

suos semper hostes, _their perpetual foes_.

2. Often a Latin Noun is equivalent to an English Noun modified by an
Adjective; as,--

doctrina, _theoretical knowledge_;

prudentia, _practical knowledge_;

oppidum, _walled town_;

libellus, _little book_.

3. Adjectives are not used in immediate agreement with proper names; but an
Adjective may limit vir, homo, ille, or some other word used as an
Appositive of a proper name; as,--

Socrates, homo sapiens = _the wise Socrates_;

Scipio, vir fortissimus = _the doughty Scipio_;

Syracusae, urbs praeclarissima = _famous Syracuse_.

4. An Adjective _may be_ equivalent to a Possessive or Subjective Genitive;
as,--

pastor regius, _the shepherd of the king_;

tumultus servilis, _the uprising of the slaves_.

PRONOUNS.

355. 1. In Compound Sentences the Relative Pronoun has a fondness for
connecting itself with the subordinate clause rather than the main one;
as,--

a quo cum quaereretur, quid maxime expediret, respondit, _when it was
asked of him what was best, he replied_. (Less commonly, qui, cum ab eo
quaereretur, respondit.)

2. Uterque, ambo. Uterque means _each of two_; ambo means _both_; as,--

uterque frater abiit, _each of the two brothers departed_ (i.e.
separately);

ambo fratres abierunt, i.e. the two brothers departed together.

a. The Plural of uterque occurs--

1) With Nouns used only in the Plural (see Sec. 56); as,--

in utrisque castris, _in each camp_.

2) Where there is a distinct reference to two groups of persons or
things; as,--

utrique duces clari fuerunt, _the generals on each side_ (several in
number) _were famous_.

VERBS.

356. 1. In case of Defective and Deponent Verbs, a Passive is supplied:--

a) By the corresponding verbal Nouns in combination with esse, etc.;
as,--

in odio sumus, _we are hated_;

in invidia sum, _I am envied_;

admirationi est, _he is admired_;

oblivione obruitur, _he is forgotten_ (lit. _is overwhelmed by
oblivion_);

in usu esse, _to be used_.

b) By the Passive of Verbs of related meaning. Thus:--

agitari as Passive of persequi;

temptari as Passive of adoriri.

2. The lack of the Perfect Active Participle in Latin is supplied--

a) Sometimes by the Perfect Passive Participle of the Deponent; as,--

adhortatus, _having exhorted_;

veritus, _having feared_.

b) By the Ablative Absolute; as,--

hostium agris vastatis Caesar exercitum reduxit, _having ravaged the
country of the enemy, Caesar led back his army_.

c) By subordinate clauses; as,--

eo cum advenisset, castra posuit, _having arrived there, he pitched a
camp_;

hostes qui in urbem irruperant, _the enemy having burst into the city_.

3. The Latin agrees with English in the stylistic employment of the Second
Person Singular in an indefinite sense (= '_one_'). _Cf._ the English '_You
can drive a horse to water, but you can't make him drink._' But in Latin
this use is mainly confined to certain varieties of the Subjunctive,
especially the Potential (Sec. 280), Jussive (Sec. 275), Deliberative (Sec. 277),
and the Subjunctive in conditional sentences of the sort included under Sec.
302, 2, and 303. Examples:--

videres, _you could see_;

utare viribus, _use your strength_,

quid hoc homine facias, _what are you to do with this man_?

mens quoque et animus, nisi tamquam lumini oleum instilles,
exstinguuntur senectute, _the intellect and mind too are extinguished
by old age, unless, so to speak, you keep pouring oil into the lamp_;

tanto amore possessiones suas amplexi tenebant, ut ab eis membra
divelli citius posse diceres, _they clung to their possessions with
such an affectionate embrace, that you would have said their limbs
could sooner be torn from their bodies_.

PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE ACCUSATIVE.

357. 1. To denote '_so many years, etc., afterwards or before_' the Latin
employs not merely the Ablative of Degree of Difference with post and ante
(see Sec. 223), but has other forms of expression. Thus:--

post quinque annos, _five years afterward_;

paucos ante dies, _a few days before_;

ante quadriennium, _four years before_;

post diem quartum quam ab urbe discesseramus, _four days after we had
left the city_;

ante tertium annum quam decesserat, _three years before he had died_.

2. The Latin seldom combines both Subject and Object with the same
Infinitive; as,--

Romanos Hannibalem vicisse constat.

Such a sentence would be ambiguous, and might mean either that the Romans
had conquered Hannibal, or that Hannibal had conquered the Romans.
Perspicuity was gained by the use of the Passive Infinitive; as,--

Romanos ab Hannibale victos esse constat, _it is well established that
the Romans were defeated by Hannibal_.

PECULIARITIES IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF THE DATIVE.

358. 1. The English _for_ does not always correspond to a Dative notion in
Latin, but is often the equivalent of pro with the Ablative, viz. in the
senses--

a) _In defense of_; as,--

pro patria mori, _to die for one's country_.

b) _Instead of_, _in behalf of_; as,--

unus pro omnibus dixit, _one spoke for all_;

haec pro lege dicta sunt, _these things were said for the law_.

c) _In proportion to_; as,--

pro multitudine hominum eorum fines erant angusti, _for the population,
their territory was small_.

2. Similarly, English _to_ when it indicates motion is rendered in Latin by
ad.

a. Note, however, that the Latin may say either scribere ad aliquem, or
scribere alicui, according as the idea of motion is or is not
predominant. So in several similar expressions.

3. In the poets, verbs of _mingling with_, _contending with_, _joining_,
_clinging to_, etc., sometimes take the Dative. This construction is a
Grecism. Thus:--

se miscet viris, _he mingles with the men_;

contendis Homero, _you contend with Homer_;

dextrae dextram jungere, _to clasp hand with hand_.

PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE GENITIVE.

359. 1. The Possessive Genitive gives emphasis to the _possessor_, the
Dative of Possessor emphasizes _the fact of possession_; as,--

hortus patris est, _the garden is my father's_;

mihi hortus est, _I possess a garden_.

2. The Latin can say either stulti or stultum est dicere, _it is foolish to
say_; but Adjectives of one ending permit only the Genitive; as,--

sapientis est haec secum reputare, _it is the part of a wise man to
consider this_.

* * * * *

PART VI.

PROSODY.

360. Prosody treats of metres and versification.

361. Latin Verse. Latin Poetry was essentially different in character from
English. In our own language, poetry is based upon _accent_, and poetical
form consists essentially in a certain succession of _accented_ and
_unaccented_ syllables. Latin poetry, on the other hand, was based not upon
accent, but upon _quantity_, so that with the Romans poetical form
consisted in a certain succession of _long and short syllables_, i.e. of
long and short intervals of time.

This fundamental difference in the character of English and Latin poetry is
a natural result of the difference in character of the two languages.
English is a strongly accented language, in which quantity is relatively
subordinate. Latin, on the other hand, was a quantitative language, in
which accent was relatively subordinate.

QUANTITY OF VOWELS AND SYLLABLES

GENERAL PRINCIPLES.

362. The general principles for the quantity of vowels and syllables have
been given above in Sec. 5. The following peculiarities are to be noted
here:--

1. A vowel is usually short when followed by another vowel (Sec. 5, A, 2), but
the following exceptions occur:--

a) In the Genitive termination -ius (except alterius); as, illius,
totius. Yet the i may be short in poetry; as, illius, totius.

b) In the Genitive and Dative Singular of the Fifth Declension; as, diei,
aciei. But fidei, rei, spei (Sec. 52, 1).

c) In fio, excepting fit and forms where i is followed by er. Thus:
fiebam, fiat, fiunt; but fieri, fierem.

d) In a few other words, especially words derived from the Greek; as,
dius, Aeneas, Darius, heroes, etc.

2. A diphthong is usually long (Sec. 5, B, 2), but the preposition prae in
composition is often shortened before a vowel; as, praeacutus.

3. A syllable containing a short vowel followed by two consonants (Sec. 5, B,
2) is long, even when one of the consonants is in the following word; as,
terret populum. Occasionally the syllable is long when both consonants are
in the following word; as, pro segete spicas.

4. Compounds of jacio, though written inicit, adicit, etc., have the first
syllable long, as though written inj-, adj-.

5. Before j, a and e made a long syllable, e.g. in major, pejor, ejus,
ejusdem, Pompejus, rejecit, etc. These were pronounced, mai-jor, pei-jor,
ei-jus, Pompei-jus, rei-jecit, etc. So also sometimes before i, e.g.
Pompe-i, pronounced Pompei-i; re-icio, pronounced rei-icio.

Quantity of Final Syllables.

_A. Final Syllables ending in a Vowel._

363. 1. Final a is mostly short, but is long:--

a) In the Ablative Singular of the First Declension; as, porta.

b) In the Imperative; as, lauda.

c) In indeclinable words (except ita, quia); as, triginta, contra,
postea, interea, etc.

2. Final e is usually short, but is long:--

a) In the Ablative Singular of the Fifth Declension; as, die, re; hence
hodie, quare. Here belongs also fame (Sec. 59, 2, b).

b) In the Imperative of the Second Conjugation; as, mone, habe, etc.; yet
occasionally cave, vale.

c) In Adverbs derived from Adjectives of the Second Declension, along
with fere and ferme. Bene, male, temere, saepe have e.

d) In e, de, me, te, se, ne (_not_, _lest_), ne (_verily_).

3. Final i is usually long, but is short in nisi and quasi. Mihi, tibi,
sibi, ibi, ubi, have regularly i, but sometimes i; yet always ibidem,
ibique, ubique.

4. Final o is regularly long, but is short:--

a) In ego, duo, modo (_only_), cito.

b) Rarely in the First Person Singular of the Verb, and in Nominatives of
the Third Declension; as, amo, leo.

c) In a few compounds beginning with the Preposition pro, especially
before f; as profundere, proficisci, profugere.

5. Final u is always long.

_B. Final Syllables ending in a Consonant._

364. 1. Final syllables ending in any other consonant than s are short. The
following words, however, have a long vowel: sal, sol, Lar, par, ver, fur,
dic, duc, en, non, quin, sin, sic, cur. Also the adverbs hic, illic,
istic.[60]

2. Final syllables in -as are long; as, terras, amas.

3. Final syllables in -es are regularly long, but are short:--

a) In the Nominative and Vocative Singular of dental stems (Sec. 33) of the
Third Declension which have a short penult in the Genitive; as, seges
(segetis), obses (obsidis), miles, dives. But a few have -es; viz. pes,
aries, abies, paries.

b) In es (_thou art_), penes.

4. Final -os is usually long, but short in os (ossis), compos, impos.

5. Final -is is usually short, but is long:--

a) In Plurals; as, portis, hortis, nobis, vobis, nubis (Acc.).

b) In the Second Person Singular Perfect Subjunctive Active; as,
amaveris, monueris, audiveris, etc. Yet occasional exceptions occur.

c) In the Second Person Singular Present Indicative Active of the Fourth
Conjugation; as, audis.

d) In vis, _force_; is, _thou goest_; fis; sis; velis; nolis; vis, _thou
wilt_ (mavis, quamvis, quivis, etc.).

6. Final -us is usually short, but is long:--

a) In the Genitive Singular and in the Nominative, Accusative, and
Vocative Plural of the Fourth Declension; as, fructus.

_b_) In the Nominative and Vocative Singular of those nouns of the Third
Declension in which the u belongs to the stem; as, palus (-udis),
servitus (-utis), tellus (-uris).

365. Greek Nouns retain in Latin their original quantity; as, Aenea,
epitome, Delos, Pallas, Simois, Salamis, Didus, Paridi, aer, aether,
crater, heroas. Yet Greek nouns in -_omega-rho_ (-or) regularly shorten
the vowel of the final syllable; as, rhetor, Hector.

VERSE-STRUCTURE.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES.

366. 1. The metrical unit in versification is a short syllable, technically
called a mora ( v ). A long syllable ( _ ) is regarded as equivalent to two
morae.

2. A Foot is a group of syllables. The following are the most important
kinds of fundamental feet:--

FEET OF THREE MORAE. FEET OF FOUR MORAE.
_ v Trochee. _ v v Dactyl.
v _ Iambus. v v _ Anapaest.

3. A Verse is a succession of feet.

4. The different kinds of verses are named Trochaic, Iambic, Dactylic,
Anapaestic, according to the foot which forms the basis of their structure.

5. Ictus. In every fundamental foot the long syllable naturally receives
the greater prominence. This prominence is called ictus.[61] It is denoted
thus: _/ v v ; _/ v .

6. Thesis and Arsis. The syllable which receives the ictus is called the
thesis; the rest of the foot is called the arsis.

7. Elision. Final syllables ending in a vowel, a diphthong, or -m are
regularly elided before a word beginning with a vowel or h. In reading, we
omit the elided syllable entirely. This may be indicated as follows:
corpor^e in uno; mult^um ill^e et; monstr^um horrendum; caus^ae irarum.

a. Omission of elision is called Hiatus. It occurs especially before and
after monosyllabic interjections; as, O et praesidium.

8. The ending of a word within a foot is called a Caesura (_cutting_) Every
verse usually has one prominent caesura. The ending of a word and foot
together within the verse is called a diaeresis.

9. Verses are distinguished as Catalectic or Acatalectic. A Catalectic
verse is one in which the last foot is not complete, but lacks one or more
syllables; an Acatalectic verse has its last foot complete.

10. At the end of a verse a slight pause occurred. Hence the final syllable
may be either long or short (syllaba anceps), and may terminate in a vowel
or m, even though the next verse begins with a vowel.

11. Iambic, Trochaic, and Anapaestic verses are further designated as
dimeter, trimeter, tetrameter, according to _the number of dipodies_ (pairs
of feet) which they contain. Dactylic verses are measured _by single feet_,
and are designated as tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, accordingly.

SPECIAL PECULIARITIES.

367. 1. Synizesis (synaeresis). Two successive vowels in the interior of a
word are often united into a long syllable; as,--

aur{ei}s, d{ei}nde, ant{ei}re, d{ee}sse.

2. Diastole. A syllable usually short is sometimes long; as,--

videt, audit.

3. Systole. A syllable usually long is sometimes short; as,--

steterunt.

a. Diastole and Systole are not mere arbitrary processes. They usually
represent an earlier pronunciation which had passed out of vogue in the
ordinary speech.

4. After a consonant, i and u sometimes become j and v. The preceding
syllable then becomes long; as,--

abjete for abiete; genva for genua.

5. Sometimes v becomes u; as,--

silua for silva; dissoluo for dissolvo.

6. Sometimes a verse has an extra syllable. Such a verse is called an
Hypermeter. The extra syllable ends in a vowel or -m, and is united with
the initial vowel or h of the next verse by Synapheia. Thus:--

... ignar^i hominumque locorum^que
erramus.

7. Tmesis (cutting). Compound words are occasionally separated into their
elements; as,--

quo me cumque rapit tempestas, for quocumque, etc.

8. Syncope. A short vowel is sometimes dropped between two consonants;
as,--

repostus for repositus

THE DACTYLIC HEXAMETER.

368. 1. The Dactylic Hexameter, or Heroic Verse, consists theoretically of
six dactyls. But in all the feet except the fifth, a spondee ( _ _ ) may
take the place of the dactyl. The sixth foot may be either a spondee or a
trochee, since the final syllable of a verse may be either long or short
(syllaba anceps). The following represents the scheme of the verse:--

_/ vv (or _) ; _/ vv (or _) ; _/ vv (or _) ; _/ vv (or _) ; _/ vv ; _/ v
(or _).

2. Sometimes we find a spondee in the fifth foot. Such verses are called
Spondaic. A dactyl usually stands in the fourth place, and the fifth and
sixth feet are generally made up of a quadrisyllable; as,--

armatum^que auro circumspicit Oriona.

cara deum suboles, magnum Jovis incrementum.

3. Caesura.

a) The favorite position of the caesura in the Dactylic Hexameter is
after the thesis of the third foot; as,--

arma virumque cano || Trojae qui primus ab oris.

b) Less frequently the caesura occurs after the thesis of the fourth
foot, usually accompanied by another in the second foot; as,--

inde toro || pater Aeneas || sic orsus ab alt^o est.

c) Sometimes the caesura occurs between the two short syllables of the
third foot; as,--

O passi graviora || dabit deus his quoque finem.

This caesura is called Feminine, as opposed to the caesura after a long
syllable, which is called Masculine (as under a and b)

d) A pause sometimes occurs at the end of the fourth foot. This is called
the Bucolic Diaeresis, as it was borrowed by the Romans from the Bucolic
poetry of the Greeks. Thus:--

solstitium pecori defendite; || jam venit aestas.

DACTYLIC PENTAMETER.

369. 1. The Dactylic Pentameter consists of two parts, each of which
contains two dactyls, followed by a long syllable. Spondees may take the
place of the dactyls in the first part, but not in the second. The long
syllable at the close of the first half of the verse always ends a word.
The scheme is the following:--

_/ vv (or _) _/ vv (or _) _/ || _/ vv _/ vv v (or _).

2. The Pentameter is never used alone, but only in connection with the
Hexameter. The two arranged alternately form the so-called Elegiac Distich.
Thus:--

Vergilium vidi tantum, neo amara Tibullo
Tempus amicitiae fata dedere meae.

IAMBIC MEASURES.

370. 1. The most important Iambic verse is the Iambic Trimeter (Sec. 366, 11),
called also Senarius. This is an acatalectic verse. It consists of six
Iambi. Its pure form is:--

v _ v _ v _ v _ v _ v _
Beatus ille qui procul negotiis.

The Caesura usually occurs in the third foot; less frequently in the
fourth.

2. In place of the Iambus, a Tribrach ( v v v ) may stand in any foot but
the last. In the odd feet (first, third, and fifth) may stand a Spondee,
Dactyl, or Anapaest, though the last two are less frequent. Sometimes a
Proceleusmatic ( v v v v ) occurs.

3. In the Latin comic writers, Plautus and Terence, great freedom is
permitted, and the various equivalents of the Iambus, viz. the Dactyl,
Anapaest, Spondee, Tribrach, Proceleusmatic, are freely admitted in any
foot except the last.

* * * * *

SUPPLEMENTS TO THE GRAMMAR.

I. JULIAN CALENDAR.

371. 1. The names of the Roman months are: Januarius, Februarius, Martius,
Aprilis, Majus, Junius, Julius (Quintilis[62] prior to 46 B.C.), Augustus
(Sextilis[62] before the Empire), September, October, November, December.
These words are properly Adjectives in agreement with mensis understood.

2. Dates were reckoned from three points in the month:--

a) The Calends, the first of the month.

b) The Nones, usually the fifth of the month, but the seventh in March,
May, July, and October.

c) The Ides, usually the thirteenth of the month, but the fifteenth in
March, May, July, and October.

3. From these points dates were reckoned backward; consequently all days
after the Ides of any month were reckoned as so many days before the
Calends of the month next following.

4. The day before the Calends, Nones, or Ides of any month is designated as
pridie Kalendas, Nonas, Idus. The second day before was designated as die
tertio ante Kalendas, Nonas, etc. Similarly the third day before was
designated as die quarto, and so on. These designations are arithmetically
inaccurate, but the Romans reckoned both ends of the series. The Roman
numeral indicating the date is therefore always larger by one than the
actual number of days before Nones, Ides, or Calends.

5. In indicating dates, the name of the month is added in the form of an
Adjective agreeing with Kalendas, Nonas, Idus. Various forms of expression
occur, of which that given under d) is most common:--

=====================================================================
Days |March,May,July|January, August| April,June, |
of the| October. | December | September, | February
month.| | | November |
------+--------------+---------------+---------------+---------------
1 |KALENDIS |KALENDIS |KALENDIS |KALENDIS
2 |VI Nonas |IV Nonas |IV Nonas |IV Nonas
3 |V " |III " |III " |III "
4 |IV " |Pridie Nonas |Pridie Nonas |Pridie Nonas
5 |III " |NONIS |NONIS |NONIS
6 |Pridie Nonas |VIII Idus |VIII Idus |VIII Idus
7 |NONIS |VII " |VII " |VII "
8 |VIII Idus |VI " |VI " |VI "
9 |VII " |V " |V " |V "
10 |VI " |IV " |IV " |IV "
11 |V " |III " |III " |III "
12 |IV " |Pr. Idus |Pr. Idus |Pr. Idus
13 |III " |IDIBUS |IDIBUS |IDIBUS
14 |Pr. Idus |XIX Kalend. |XVIII Kalend.|XVI Kalend.
15 |IDIBUS |XVIII " |XVII " |XV "
16 |XVII Kalend. |XVII " |XVI " |XIV "
17 |XVI " |XVI " |XV " |XIII "
18 |XV " |XV " |XIV " |XII "
19 |XIV " |XIV " |XIII " |XI "
20 |XIII " |XIII " |XII " |X "
21 |XII " |XII " |XI " |IX "
22 |XI " |XI " |X " |VIII "
23 |X " |X " |IX " |VII "
24 |IX " |IX " |VIII " |VI "
25 |VIII " |VIII " |VII " |V (bis VI)"
26 |VII " |VII " |VI " |IV (V) "
27 |VI " |VI " |V " |III (IV) "
28 |V " |V " |IV " |Pr.Kal.(III K.)
29 |IV " |IV " |III " |(Prid. Kal.)
30 |III " |III " |Pr. Kalend. |(Enclosed forms are
31 |Pr. Kalend. |Pr. Kalend. | |for leap-year.)
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