A System of Instruction in the Practical Use of the Blowpipe by Anonymous

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(6) in mic. salt. As with borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Is reduced, yielding a bead of metallic
copper.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Dioptase

Formula. [.Cu]^{3}[...Si]^{2} + 3[.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water and turns black.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. In the oxidizing flame becomes black. In the
reducing flame red.

(4) in forceps. V. Colors the outer flame intensely green.

(5) in borax. Gives the copper reactions.

(6) in mic. salt. As with borax. The silica remains
undissolved.

(7) with carb. soda. With a small quantity of carbonate of soda
fuses to a bead, which on cooling is opaque
and has a red fracture. With more alkali
forms a slag, containing little beads of
reduced copper.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Malachite

Formula. [.Cu]^{2}[..C] + [.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water and turns black.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a bead with a strong flame is
reduced to metallic copper.

(4) in forceps. Fuses and colors the outer flame brilliantly
green.

(5) in borax. Gives the copper reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As with borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Yields metallic copper.

(8) Special reactions. Dissolves in HCl with much effervescence.

* * * * *

Mineral. Blue vitriol

Formula. [.Cu][...S] + 5[.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Intumesces, gives off water and becomes
white.

(2) in open tube. Strongly heated is decomposed, given off
SO^{2} and being converted into CuO.

(3) on charcoal. As in the glass-bulb. Then fuses, coloring
the outer flame green, and is reduced to
metallic copper and [,Cu=].

(4) in forceps. Fuses and colors the outer flame blue.

(5) in borax. The roasted mineral gives copper reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Yields metallic copper. The alkaline mass
laid on silver gives S reaction.

(8) Special reactions. Gives the sulphuric acid reaction.

* * * * *

Mineral. Libethenite

Formula. [.Cu]^{4}[.....P] + 2[.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water and turns black.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Gradually heated, turns black and fuses to a
bead, having a core of metallic copper.

(4) in forceps. Fuses but does not color the flame
distinctly. On cooling is black and
crystalline.

(5) in borax. Gives the copper reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. With much of the alkali is decomposed,
yielding metallic copper. With small
portions successively added first fuses and
then intumesces, fuses with a strong flame,
and is then absorbed into the charcoal,
leaving metallic copper.

(8) Special reactions. Gives the phosphoric acid reaction.

* * * * *

Mineral. Olivenite

Formula. [.Cu]^{4}([.....As][.....P]) + [.H].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Fuses with detonation and the evolution of
arsenical fumes to a brittle regulus, brown
externally and having a white fracture.

(4) in forceps. Fuses and colors the outer flame green. On
cooling has a crystalline surface.

(5) in borax. Gives the copper reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Is reduced, yielding metallic copper.

(8) Special reactions. Gives the arsenic reactions.

* * * * *

ANTIMONY.

* * * * *

Mineral. Native antimony

Formula. Sb.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Fuses and, when strongly heated, volatilizes
being redeposited in the tube as a dark grey
sublimate.

(2) in open tube. Fuses and gives off dense white fumes, which
are partly redeposited on the tube.
Sometimes also gives off arsenical fumes in
small quantity.

(3) on charcoal. Fuses and gives off dense white fumes, which
thickly incrust the charcoal and color the
flame blue immediately beyond the assay.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. The oxide formed upon charcoal gives the
antimony reactions.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. --

(8) Special reactions. The incrustation on the charcoal, if treated
with nitrate of cobalt assumes the
characteristic green color.

* * * * *

Mineral. Grey antimony

Formula. SbS^{3}.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Fuses readily and occasionally gives off a
small quantity of sulphur. Strongly heated
forms a brown sublimate of SbS^{3} and
SbO^{3}.

(2) in open tube. Fuses and gives off SO^{2}, which passes off
up the tube, and dense white fumes of
SbO^{3} and SbO^{5} which are partly
deposited in the tube.

(3) on charcoal. Fuses and is partly absorbed by the charcoal
and partly volatilized, incrusting the
charcoal with the characteristic white
oxides. Colors the flame blue.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. As the preceding.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. Fuses and is reduced, yielding metallic
antimony, which behaves as the preceding
mineral upon charcoal. The alkaline mass
gives the sulphur reaction.

(8) Special reactions. As the preceding.

* * * * *

Mineral. Antimony blende

Formula. [,,,Sb]^{2} + [...Sb].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Fuses easily, gives off first SbO^{3} and
afterwards an orange colored sublimate.
Strongly heated, is decomposed and gives a
black sublimate, which becomes brown on
cooling.

(2) in open tube. As the preceding.

(3) on charcoal. As the preceding.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. As native antimony.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As the preceding.

(8) Special reactions. As native antimony.

* * * * *

Mineral. White antimony

Formula. SbO^{3}.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Is sublimed and recondensed in the neck of
the tube.

(2) in open tube. As in the glass-bulb.

(3) on charcoal. Fuses with the evolution of dense white
fumes, which incrust the surface of the
charcoal. In the reducing flame is partly
reduced, yielding metallic antimony. Colors
flame blue.

(4) in forceps. Fuses and is volatilized, coloring the outer
flame blue.

(5) in borax. Gives the antimony reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. In the reducing flame is reduced, yielding
metallic antimony.

(8) Special reactions. As native antimony.

* * * * *

ARSENIC.

* * * * *

Mineral. Native arsenic

Formula. As.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Sublimes without fusion and recondenses as a
dark grey metallic sublimate, sometimes
leaving a small residue.

(2) in open tube. If gently heated in a good current of air
passes off as AsO^{3}, which is partly
condensed as a white sublimate in the upper
part of the tube.

(3) on charcoal. Passes off as AsO^{3}, which thinly incrusts
the charcoal beyond the assay.

(4) in forceps. Colors the flame blue.

(5) in borax. --

(6) in mic. salt. --

(7) with carb. soda. --

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Realgar

Formula. AsS^{2}.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Fuses, enters into ebullition and is
sublimed as a transparent red sublimate.

(2) in open tube. Gently heated passes off as SO^{2} and
AsO^{3}, the latter of which is redeposited
in the upper part of the tube.

(3) on charcoal. Fuses and passes off as arsenious and
sulphurous acids.

(4) in forceps. Fuses and colors the flame blue.

(5) in borax. --

(6) in mic. salt. --

(7) with carb. soda. As on charcoal, except that the S combines
with the alkali forming NaS, which on silver
gives the sulphur reaction.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Orpiment

Formula. AsS^{3}.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. As the preceding, except that the sublimate
is of a dark yellow color when cold.

(2) in open tube. As the preceding.

(3) on charcoal. As the preceding.

(4) in forceps. As the preceding.

(5) in borax. --

(6) in mic. salt. --

(7) with carb. soda. As the preceding.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. White arsenic

Formula. AsO^{3}.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Sublimes without fusion and re-condenses in
white crystals.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Sublimes and is partly recondensed on
charcoal forming a white incrustation.

(4) in forceps. Colors the flame blue.

(5) in borax. --

(6) in mic. salt. --

(7) with carb. soda. --

(8) Special reactions. Heated with charcoal in a glass-tube sealed
at one end, is reduced and metallic arsenic
sublimes.

* * * * *

MERCURY.

* * * * *

Mineral. Native mercury

Formula. Hg.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Volatilizes with little or no residue and
recondenses in neck of bulb.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Is volatilized.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. --

(6) in mic. salt. --

(7) with carb. soda. --

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Cinnabar

Formula. HgS.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Volatilizes sometimes leaving a slight
earthy residue, and re-condenses as a black
sulphide.

(2) in open tube. If gently heated is decomposed into metallic
mercury, which volatilizes and recondenses
in the upper part of the tube, and SO^{2},
which passes off as is easily recognized by
its odor and bleaching properties.

(3) on charcoal. Is volatilized, generally leaving a small
earthy residue.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. --

(6) in mic. salt. --

(7) with carb. soda. With carbonate of soda and cyanide of
potassium is decomposed and metallic mercury
volatilized.

(8) Special reactions. When in the preceding experiment the mercury
has been entirely dissipated, the alkaline
residue laid on silver gives a sulphur
reaction.

* * * * *

Mineral. Native amalgam

Formula. AgHg^{2}.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. As native mercury, but leaves a residue of
pure silver.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. The mercury volatilizes leaving the silver,
which fuses to a bead, and, in the oxidizing
flame, incrusts the charcoal with its
characteristic oxide.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. --

(6) in mic. salt. --

(7) with carb. soda. --

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

SILVER.

* * * * *

Mineral. Native silver

Formula. Ag.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Fuses and in a strong oxidizing flame forms
an incrustation of dark brown oxide on the
charcoal. If any antimony be present, it
affords a crimson incrustation.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. Gives the silver reactions.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. --

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Antimonial silver

Formula. Ag^{2}Sb.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. Gives off dense white fumes, which are
partly deposited in the tube.

(3) on charcoal. Fuses, fumes strongly, forming a white
incrustation, and when the antimony is
nearly expelled a crimson one, a nearly pure
silver bead remains.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. The incrustation formed on charcoal gives an
antimony reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Silver glance

Formula. AgS.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. --

(2) in open tube. Gives off sulphurous acid.

(3) on charcoal. Gives off SO^{2} and is reduced to metallic
silver. If impure, a small quantity of slag
also remains.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. The residual slag (if any) obtained upon
charcoal gives an iron reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal. The alkaline mass gives
a sulphur reaction on polished silver.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Stephanite

Formula. [,Ag]^{6}[,,,Sb].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates, fuses and gives a slight
sublimate of sulphide of antimony.

(2) in open tube. Fuses and gives off SO^{2} and dense white
antimonial fumes.

(3) on charcoal. Fuses and incrusts the charcoal with
antimonious acid, leaving Ag with some
antimony. If the flame be continued, a red
incrustation is formed and finally a bead of
pure silver remains surrounded by a small
slag.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. The residual slag obtained on the charcoal
gives an iron and copper reaction.

(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.

(7) with carb. soda. The silver is reduced and the antimony
passes off in dense fumes. The fused alkali
gives the sulphur reaction on silver.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Pyargyrite

Formula. [,Ag]^{3}[,,,Sb].

Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Sometimes decrepitates, fuses readily, and,
when strongly heated, gives a red sublimate
of SbS^{3}.

(2) in open tube. As in the preceding.

(3) on charcoal. Fuses with much spirting and covers the
charcoal with antimonial fumes. When the
residual AgS is heated for some time in the
oxidizing flame, a bead of pure silver is
obtained.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. --

(6) in mic. salt. --

(7) with carb. soda. As the preceding.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Proustite

Formula. [,Ag]^{3}[,,,As].

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Fuses and at a low red heat affords a small
sublimate of AsS^{3}.

(2) in open tube. Gradually heated it gives off AsO^{3} and
SO^{2}. Sometimes also antimony fumes.

(3) on charcoal. As the preceding, except that a large
quantity of AsO^{3} and but little SbO^{3}
are given off.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. --

(6) in mic. salt. --

(7) with carb. soda. As stephanite, except that much arsenic is
given off and but little antimony.

(8) Special reactions. --

* * * * *

Mineral. Horn silver

Formula. AgCl.

Behavior

(1) in glass-bulb. Fuses, but undergoes no further change.

(2) in open tube. --

(3) on charcoal. Fuses readily in the oxidizing flame. In the
reducing flame is slowly reduced yielding
metallic silver.

(4) in forceps. --

(5) in borax. --

(6) in mic. salt. --

(7) with carb. soda. Is rapidly reduced to metallic silver.

(8) Special reactions. If cut up into small pieces mixed with oxide
of copper and then heated before the
oxidizing flame upon charcoal, it colors the
flame blue.

THE END.

* * * * *

Transcriber's Notes:

Text italicized in the original book is surrounded by '_'.

This book had many columnar tables, often split across pages. These
have been transformed in data sheets for readability.

The notation ^{#} is used for superscripted numbers, indicating
the composition of the various chemical compounds.

Some of the element symbols were differenced by markings that
were not defined in the book, but are supposed to be valence
markings. These have been transcribed as follows:

'.' or ',' above element symbol [?.Symbol] or [?,Symbol]
'-' above element symbol [=Symbol]
'-' through element symbol [Symbol=]
...
So [...Al] where the original text had Al
_
[=M] where the original text had M
,,,
[,,,Sb] where the original text had Sb
...
[...Fe=] where the original text had Fe, line through the Fe.

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