The Government Class Book by Andrew W. Young

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Sec.3. What is the union under the constitution? Where is this declared?

Sec.4. What is said of the former independence of the states? What power
has the general government acquired by the constitution?

Sec.5. How did the equality of the states in the old congress appear? To
how many delegates were they entitled? How did they vote?

Sec.6. How are the states now represented? How do representatives vote?

Sec.7. State the difference between the bodies that framed and ratified the
two instruments respectively.

Sec.8. Was the government under the confederation properly _national_? How
does it appear that it was not? What change did the constitution effect?

Sec.9. What early act of the constitutional convention shows the present
government to be national?

Sec.10. What departments of power were wanting under the confederation?

Sec.11. Is the present government wholly national? Why not?

Chapter XXIX.

Sec.1. Of what does congress consist? For what terms were members of the
old congress appointed? Why has the term of a representative been
extended to two years?

Sec.2. What qualifications are required for voting for representatives?
What reasons were there for this rule?

Sec.3. What are the qualifications of a representative? Give the reasons
for these qualifications.

Sec.4. Give the rule of apportioning representatives and direct taxes.

Sec.5. What made it difficult to agree upon a rule of apportionment? In
what states did slavery then exist? Name the present slaveholding
states.

Sec.7. Upon what terms was the question of apportionment settled?

Sec.8. Illustrate the rule by an example.

Sec.9. How are the slave states benefited by this arrangement as to taxes?

Sec.10. What do they gain as to representation?

Sec.11. How is the number of representatives limited? How often is the
ratio of representation fixed?

Sec.12. Why has the ratio been from time to time increased? How is a
representation secured to the smallest states?

Sec.13. State the ratio and the number of representatives after each
census.

Sec.14. How is a state districted for choosing representatives? When are
they chosen?

Sec.15. How are territories represented?

Chapter XXX.

Sec.1. How is the senate constituted? Upon what points did the convention
differ? How was the matter settled?

Sec.2. In what provision does the federative principle appear?

Sec.3. In what is there a difference between the old congress and the
senate?

Sec.4. What reasons are offered in favor of a short term of office? What in
favor of a long term?

Sec.6. What is said in favor of the present term?

Sec.7. Why were not the terms of all the senators made to expire at once?

Sec.8. How are vacancies in the office of senator filled?

Sec.9. Can an appointment be made before a vacancy actually happens? State
a case.

Sec.10. What reasons are there for the required qualifications of senators
as to age, citizenship, and residence in the state?

Sec.11. How do bills become laws after they have been vetoed by the
president?

Chapter XXXI.

Sec.2. What difference is here noticed between the general and state
governments in respect to their powers?

Sec.3. What is the first in the list of powers given to congress?

Sec.4. For what purpose was this power necessary? What is _direct_ and what
_indirect_ taxation?

Sec.5. Define duties, customs, imposts, and excises.

Sec.6. Define _specific_ and _ad valorem_ duties.

Sec.7. Why are duties required to be uniform throughout the United States?

Sec.8. By what means was the old national debt paid? How large was it at
different periods?

Sec.9. Why is the power to borrow money necessary?

Chapter XXXII.

Sec.1. From what arose the necessity of the power to regulate foreign
commerce? What was the British policy?

Sec.2. In what consisted the inequality of trade between the two countries?

Sec.3. Show, by example, how Great Britain secured a home market for her
agricultural products.

Sec.4. What other benefits did she derive from her policy?

Sec.5. Why were we obliged to submit to the payment of these duties? Why
not manufacture for ourselves?

Sec.6. Why did not our government retaliate by imposing like duties upon
British goods and vessels?

Sec.7. What are duties designed to encourage home manufactures called?

Sec.8. Show, by example, the operation and effect of a protective duty.

Sec.9. By what other power may this object be partially effected? Show how.

Sec.10. Why, then, was not one of these powers sufficient?

Sec.11. Show, by example, why the free importation of foreign goods and
direct taxation are not deemed the better policy.

Sec.13. How early, and how, was domestic industry encouraged? What rendered
high duties for a time unnecessary?

Sec.14. What afterwards made it necessary for congress to exercise more
extensively its powers to regulate trade? When did the system of
protection properly commence? Where has since been the principal market
for agricultural products?

Sec.15. Where, and by whom, are the duties or customs collected?

Chapter XXXIII.

Sec.1. What is _navigation_?

Sec.2. What is _tunnage_? _Tunnage duties_? For what purpose were these
duties laid? Why were they called _discriminating_ duties?

Sec.3. What has been their effect? What has caused their discontinuance?

Sec.4. How are vessels registered?

Sec.5. What is a _manifest_? A _clearance_?

Sec.6. At whose request are passports furnished to vessels? What is a
_passport_? By whom given?

Sec.7. How is the safety of passengers and crew provided for?

Sec.8. Define _quarantine_. What has congress enacted in relation to
quarantines?

Sec.9. Why was power given to congress to regulate _internal_ commerce, or
commerce among the states?

Sec.10. Why the power to regulate commerce with the Indian tribes?

Chapter XXXIV.

Sec.1. What were the disqualifications of aliens by the common law? Why are
these disqualifications deemed proper?

Sec.2. When ought they to be removed? Why should the rule of naturalization
be uniform?

Sec.3. Describe the manner in which an alien is naturalized.

Sec.4. How do alien minors become citizens?

Sec.5. What is a _bankrupt_? A bankrupt law? What is the object of such
laws?

Sec.6. Why is the power to pass them given to congress? Why should they be
uniform?

Sec.7. Why is the power to coin money and regulate its value given to
congress? What change in the system of reckoning has been effected?

Sec.8. At what places is money coined? What is _bullion_?

Sec.9. Why is the power to fix the standard of weights and measures vested
in congress?

Sec.10. Why has congress the power to provide for punishing the
counterfeiting of the securities and coin of the United States?

Chapter XXXV.

Sec.1. Why is the power to establish post-offices given to congress?

Sec.2. How are useful arts and sciences promoted?

Sec.3. How does an author of a work proceed in procuring a copy-right? By
whom, and where, is the title recorded?

Sec.4. What else must the author do? For how many years is the right
obtained? For what term, and how, may the right be continued?

Sec.5. Where are patents for inventions obtained? How does the inventor
proceed?

Sec.6. How much must he pay before his petition is considered? For what
term are patents granted? For what term may they be renewed?

Chapter XXXVI.

Sec.1. Define _piracy_ and _felony_. Why is the power to define and punish
these crimes given to congress?

Sec.2. Why also the power to define and punish offenses against the law of
nations?

Sec.3. Why the power to declare war? Who exercises this power in
monarchies?

Sec.4. What are letters of marque and reprisal? Why should not an
individual redress his private wrongs?

Sec.5. Why should not the states authorize reprisals?

Sec.6. Why has congress the power to make rules concerning captures? How is
captured property distributed?

Sec.7. Why is the general power to provide for the national defense
intrusted to congress?

Sec.8. Why was given to congress entire control over the district
containing the seat of government?

Sec.9. What district is here referred to? Over what other places has
congress exclusive authority?

Sec.10. What is the last power granted in the list here enumerated? Why is
this general grant of power to make laws deemed necessary?

Sec.11. What opinion is held by some in regard to this power? On what
reasons is this opinion founded?

Chapter XXXVII.

Sec.1. What is the first prohibition on congress?

Sec.2. To what has this reference? For what reasons was this prohibition
assented to?

Sec.3. Have men a natural right to buy and sell each other? When was the
foreign slave trade prohibited? How is it now punishable?

Sec.4. Define _habeas corpus_. What is the privilege of this writ?

Sec.5. What is a bill of attainder? When is it a bill of pains and
penalties?

Sec.6. What is an _ex post facto_ law? Give examples of ex post facto laws.

Sec.7. What is a capitation tax? To what provision of the constitution does
this prohibition refer? What does it mean?

Sec.8. Why are duties on exports forbidden? How might the interests of the
different states be injuriously affected by taxing exports?

Sec.9. What further reasons are given for this prohibition? How is freedom
and equality in trade secured to the states?

Sec.10. By what provision is the proper disposal of the public moneys
secured?

Sec.11. Why is the granting of titles of nobility forbidden? How are public
officers guarded against corruption from foreign influence?

Chapter XXXVIII.

Sec.1. What is a treaty? An alliance? A confederation? Why are states
forbidden to enter into them?

Sec.2. Why should not states issue letters of marque and reprisal?

Sec.3. Why should they not coin money?

Sec.4. Why were they forbidden to emit bills of credit? Does the
prohibition extend to bank bills?

Sec.5. What is meant by _tender_, usually termed _lawful_ or _legal
tender_? Why should coin only be made tender in payment of debts?

Sec.6. Why is the passing of bills of attainder and ex post facto laws by
states forbidden? Why are laws impairing the force of contracts
prohibited?

Sec.7. Do insolvent or bankrupt laws impair the obligation of contracts?
States have passed such laws; were they constitutional? How has the
question been decided?

Sec.8. Why is the granting of titles forbidden to the states?

Sec.9. What objections to the general power of the states to tax exports or
imports? What exception is made to the prohibition?

Sec.10. What is the object of this exception?

Sec.11. What other restrictions are there upon the power of the states?

Chapter XXXIX.

Sec.1. In whom is the executive power of the nation vested?

Sec.2. For what reasons was this power given to one person only?

Sec.3. Why were four years agreed on as the official term?

Sec.4. By whom is the president elected? Has the mode of election ever been
altered?

Sec.5. By what authority is the manner of choosing the electors prescribed?
By whom are they chosen at present?

Sec.6. In what manner are they chosen? Describe particularly the election
by general ticket. When are electors chosen?

Sec.7. Where and when do the electors vote for president? How, when, and to
whom, are certificates of their votes sent?

Sec.8. When, where, and by whom are the votes counted? How is the election
determined? If no person has a majority of all the votes, by whom is the
election made? How do the members vote?

Sec.9. Describe the election of president by the house in 1825.

Sec.10. How is the vice-president elected if there is no choice by the
electors?

Sec.11. What are the qualifications of the president and vice-president?

Sec.12. How is a vacancy in the office of president supplied? What further
provision is made for supplying vacancies?

Sec.13. Why may not the salary of a president be increased or diminished?

Sec.14. When does the presidential term commence and expire?

Chapter XL.

Sec.1. What high military office has the president? Why is the command of
the public forces intrusted to him?

Sec.2. For what reasons the power to grant reprieves and pardons?

Sec.3. What other powers has the president? For what purposes are treaties
made? Who exercises this power in monarchies? Why is not the house
associated with the president and senate?

Sec.4. For what reasons is the senate preferred? Who appoint embassadors?

Sec.5. By whom and how are treaties negotiated? By whom ratified?

Sec.6. What is here mentioned as the practice of civilized nations? What
are the duties of the secretary of state in our intercourse with foreign
nations?

Sec.7. What titles have representatives at foreign courts? Who are
embassadors _in ordinary_ and _extraordinary_? Envoys? Envoys
_plenipotentiary_?

Sec.8. What are our representatives abroad called? What are _charges des
affaires_?

Sec.9. What is the business of consuls?

Sec.10. Why is the appointment of judges of the supreme court given to the
president and senate?

Sec.11. For what reason should the president have the right to select the
heads of the departments?

Sec.12. What power has the president alone in filling vacancies? Why is
such a power necessary?

Sec.13. What other powers and duties of the president are mentioned in the
constitution?

Sec.14. What officers are removable by impeachment? and for what offenses?

Chapter XLI.

Sec.1. Among what departments is the executive business of the nation
distributed? By what names are the head officers called? How appointed?

Sec.2. What departments did the first congress establish? What officers
constituted the first cabinet? When were the heads of the navy,
post-office, and interior departments respectively added?

Sec.3. What are the duties of the secretary of state relating to foreign
affairs? Define diplomacy and diplomatist.

Sec.4. What are the duties of the secretary in relation to home affairs?

Sec.5. What are the duties of the secretary of the treasury?

Sec.6. What are his principal assistants?

Sec.7. What are the duties of the secretary of the interior? What is a
_pension_? To what classes of persons are pensions allowed? To whom are
bounties of lands allowed?

Sec.8. To what do the duties of the secretary of war relate?

Sec.9. What is the business of the secretary of the navy? and of the navy
commissioners?

Sec.10. What are the principal duties of the postmaster general? Who are
his principal assistants?

Sec.11. What is the business of postmasters in relation to keeping accounts
of letters, advertising letters, and making returns to the general
post-office? What are _dead_ letters?

Sec.12. How are postmasters paid for their services? State the rates of
commission. To what amount of compensation are postmasters limited? What
postmasters are appointed by the president and senate?

Sec.13. Who are entitled to the franking privilege? and to what extent? How
is franking done? What government officers frank matter on official
business?

Sec.14. What are the duties of the attorney-general?

Chapter XLII.

Sec.1. Was there a national judiciary under the confederation? In what
courts is the judicial power of the U.S. vested?

Sec.2. By whom, and for what term, are the judges appointed? Why is the
term made so long?

Sec.3. How is the independence of the judges further secured? Why should
congress not have power to reduce their salaries?

Sec.4. Cases of what nature are tried in the national courts?

Sec.5. Why is the trial of crimes to be held in the state where committed?

Sec.6. Which are the lowest national courts? How is a district court
constituted? What cases does it try?

Sec.7. How many circuits are there? How is a circuit court constituted?
What cases does it try?

Sec.8. How is the supreme court constituted? Where, and when, does it hold
sessions? What is its principal business?

Sec.9. What important object is so cared by the supreme court? How are
state laws and the decisions of state courts affected by the decisions
of the supreme court of the United States?

Chapter XLIII.

Sec.1. Why was the definition of treason put into the constitution? What is
levying war?

Sec.2. State more particularly what does and what does not constitute
levying war and treason?

Sec.3. What proof is required to convict of treason?

Sec.4. How was treason punished by the common law? How has congress made it
punishable?

Sec.5. What is attainder? Its meaning here? By the common law, how did the
sentence of death for treason affect the traitor? What has congress
declared concerning conviction for treason?

Chapter XLIV.

Sec.1. What is the object of the provision concerning state records?

Sec.2. In giving effect to this provision, what has congress enacted? In
case of a judicial proceeding, what is required? What in case of an act
of a state legislature?

Sec.3. What is meant by the clause concerning the privileges of citizens in
the several states? Without such provision, what might a state do?

Sec.4. How is a fugitive from justice arrested and returned for trial?

Sec.5. Who are meant by "persons held to service or labor, escaping into
another state?" What provision of the common law induced the adoption of
this clause?

Sec.6. How are fugitives from slavery apprehended and returned? Is the law
requiring the capture and return of fugitive slaves, in your opinion,
morally binding?

Sec.7. What induced the provision for admitting new states? What states
have been formed from the north-western territory?

Sec.8. What unsettled tract was south of the Ohio? Whose consent to the
division of a state does the constitution require?

Sec.9. In the right to acquire territory, what other right is implied? Had
the old congress this power? What has congress done under the power here
granted?

Sec.10. How is a republican form of government secured to the states? How
are they to be protected against invasion and domestic violence? What is
meant by domestic violence?

Chapter XLV.

Sec.1. How are constitutional amendments proposed? How ratified?

Sec.2. What good is supposed to have resulted from so difficult a mode of
amendment?

Sec.3. For what reasons was the new government made to assume the debts of
the old?

Sec.4. Why is the constitution of the United States, and the laws and
treaties made under it, made binding above all state authority?

Sec.5. Why are public officers bound by oath to support the constitution,
and to discharge their duties faithfully?

Sec.6. What is a religious _test_? What was it in England? Why was it
forbidden by the constitution?

Sec.7. What does the last article declare? Why was not the ratification of
all the states required? Why was the ratification of so many as nine
required?

Sec.8. When did this state ratify? When did North Carolina and Rhode Island
come into the union?

Sec.9. When were electors of president chosen? When was the president
elected, and when inaugurated? When did proceedings under the
constitution commence?

Chapter XLVI.

Sec.1. How many articles of amendment are there? What is the nature of most
of them? Why then were they added? When were the first ten proposed and
ratified?

Sec.2. What is forbidden by the first amendment?

Sec.3. What right is guarantied by the second amendment? Why is this right
necessary?

Sec.4. What does the third amendment declare? What probably suggested it?

Sec.5. What right is guarantied by the fourth article? What evil is it
intended to prevent?

Sec.6. What rights does the fifth article guaranty? Can you give any reason
why a person fairly tried and acquitted should not be tried again? What
does the sixth article require?

Sec.7. What is secured by the seventh amendment? What is meant by suits at
common law? What are courts of admiralty? How is the latter part of this
article explained?

Sec.8. What does the eighth article forbid? What evils was it designed to
prevent?

Sec.9. What is the ninth article? What evil was it designed to prevent?

Sec.10. What does the tenth amendment declare? Explain it.

Sec.11. When was the eleventh article proposed and ratified? What is it?
What was it intended to prevent?

Sec.12. What does the twelfth amendment effect? When was it proposed and
ratified?

Chapter XLVII.

Sec.1. How are the municipal or civil laws distinguished from the
fundamental or political law?

Sec.2. What are statute laws?

Sec.3. What is the common law? Is it law in this country?

Sec.4. What are the rights of person? Personal security? Personal liberty?
How are they guarantied?

Sec.5. How may a man protect himself when in danger of personal injury?
What remedy for violence committed?

Sec.6. How far may a man go in defending himself or his property? What is
such killing called?

Sec.7. How are we protected in our good names? What is slander?

Sec.8. What is libel? Which is considered the greater injury? For which is
a person liable in both a civil and criminal suit?

Sec.9. What is the rule of the common law in the case of a criminal action
for libel? What is the reason for this principle?

Sec.10. What distinction do some make between cases of public and private
prosecution for libel?

Sec.11. Does the common law still prevail in this country? How has it been
modified?

Sec.12. How is personal liberty secured? What is the nature of the writ of
_habeas corpus_?

Sec.13. What is liberty of conscience? How is it secured?

Sec.14. Is this right secured to the same extent in England?

Sec.15. What is meant by the right of property? By what is it protected?

Chapter XLVIII.

Sec.1. What is meant by the age of consent? At what periods of life is it
fixed? At what in this state?

Sec.2. What three requisites to a lawful marriage are next mentioned?

Sec.3. May a person remarry who has a wife or husband living? What is the
crime called? What cases are excepted?

Sec.4. Are the marriages in these excepted cases binding? What is the
common law on the subject?

Sec.5. How, and by whom are marriages solemnized? What regulations exist in
some states? Is a license or a notice required in this state?

Sec.6. By common law, what right to the personal property does the husband
acquire by marriage?

Sec.7. Does he acquire an absolute right also to her real estate? How is
his right limited?

Sec.8. How has this common law rule been changed? Can you tell what the law
is in this state?

Sec.9. By common law, what liability does a husband incur by marriage? What
is coverture? Is this now the law in all the states? Is it in this
state?

Sec.10. How far is a husband bound for the maintenance of his wife?

Sec.11. May they be witnesses for each other?

Chapter XLIX.

Sec.1. What are the obligations of parents? What is the age of majority? In
law, who are infants, or minors?

Sec.2. How far, or in what cases, is a father liable for the contracts of a
child?

Sec.3. Can a minor bind himself by contract? In what cases is he bound?

Sec.4. How in cases of rent? How in cases of contracts which he avoids when
he comes of age?

Sec.5. Are minors answerable for crimes? How in cases of fraud?

Sec.6. What right have they to bind themselves as apprentices and servants?
By whose consent?

Sec.7. Who may bind pauper children? What provision is made for their
education?

Sec.8. What are the rights of the master and apprentice respectively?

Sec.9. When may apprenticeships be dissolved?

Sec.10. How may a hired servant forfeit his wages? For what may he be
dismissed? For what cause released from his service?

Sec.11. What are the mutual liabilities of master and servant?

Chapter L.

Sec.1. By whom, and in what ways, may real estate be taken, held, and
conveyed? Have aliens this right?

Sec.2. What is it to _devise_ property? What is a or testamen? Define
testator, and intestate.

Sec.3. Who may bequeath property? What special rights to bequeath property
are given in some states? What is a nuncupative will?

Sec.4. How has the right of married women to bequeath property been
extended?

Sec.5. How is a will executed?

Sec.6. In what different ways may a will be revoked?

Sec.7. What is the effect of the subsequent birth of a child? What else
have some states provided?

Sec.8. What is a codicil? Its effect?

Sec.9. How is a will proved? What are letters testamentary, and letters of
administration?

Sec.10. What is meant by the _descent_ of property? Is the rule of descent
uniform in the states? To whom, generally, does it descend first?

Sec.11. If any children of the intestate are dead, how does it descend?
Give an example.

Sec.12. If all the children are dead, how do the grand-children share? Is
this state an exception to the rule?

Sec.13. Do real and personal estate generally come under the same rule?

Chapter LI.

Sec.1. What is the benefit of a deed of real estate? What is expressed in a
deed? How is it executed?

Sec.2. What is necessary to secure possession to the purchaser? Where are
conveyances recorded in this state?

Sec.3. How long, in come states, are first purchasers secure before
recording? What is the law in this state? What claim does a purchaser
thus dispossessed still retain? Can you tell why conveyances are
required to be recorded at all?

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